tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-90727050848213362292024-03-05T19:30:12.476-08:00Sunny Nash - Race in AmericaSunny Nash is a leading author on U.S. race relations.Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.comBlogger82125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-85066591701520968372023-09-27T21:40:00.011-07:002023-12-14T19:10:01.056-08:00Wilma Rudolph Ran for Freedom<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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At the 1960 Rome Olympics, Wilma Rudolph became the first <span style="text-align: justify;">U.S. female </span><span style="text-align: justify;">in Olympic history </span><span style="text-align: justify;">to win three gold medals.</span><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span></span></h2>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-size: medium;"><span face="sans-serif" style="line-height: 17.3186px; text-align: left;"><b>Wilma Rudolph</b></span><span face="sans-serif" style="line-height: 17.3186px; text-align: left;"><br /></span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternal_Order_of_Eagles" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 17.3186px; text-align: left;" title="Fraternal Order of Eagles">Fraternal Order of Eagles</a> <span face="sans-serif" style="line-height: 17.3186px; text-align: left;">Award </span></span></td></tr>
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<b style="background-color: transparent; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: large;">Wilma Rudolph</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: inherit;"><i><span>In 1960, Wilma Rudolph of Tennessee State University made national headlines on radio, television </span></i><i><span>and mainstream newspapers when she became the first U.S. female to win three gold medals in track and field at the 1960 Rome Olympics.</span></i></span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">With all that gold being earned at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, we should remember the first African Americans to win Olympic gold medals, lest we forget that in 1960 Wilma Rudolph fought Jim Crow and helped lay the groundwork for </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">black go</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">ld medalists in </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">the 2016 Summer </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">Olympic</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> in Rio.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><i>Wilma Rudolph had Polio</i></span><i style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: x-large;"> </i></h3><h3 style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/9f/85/59/9f855974f44835df7d77623ca9972aed.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Wilma Rudolph (1940-1994)" border="0" height="149" src="https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/9f/85/59/9f855974f44835df7d77623ca9972aed.jpg" title="Wilma Rudolph (1940-1994)" width="200" /></a><br /><p><span style="font-family: times; font-size: medium;">Wilma Rudolph</span></p></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></h3></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><h3 style="background-color: white;"></h3><div><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Wilma Rudolph</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> was a</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> four-and-a-half-pound premature baby born in 1940 in Clarksville, Tennessee. She did not go to traditional school </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">for one year</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, but was </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">home</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">schooled due to </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">infantile paralysis, caused by the polio virus, which she contracted at age four. Still a sickly child at age seven, she was enrolled </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">into a segregated and underfunded Tennessee school </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span>by her parents who did not have the best jobs or </span><span>health insurance.</span><span> By age 12, Rudolph's treatments at the Fisk University Medical College Hospital in Nashville, Tennessee, had straightened her twisted leg and given her the normal physical health she had never enjoyed before.</span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></div></div></div><h3><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></i></h3><h3><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></i></h3><h3><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Wilma Rudolph - College Graduate 1963</span></i></h3><div><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Wilma Rudolph</span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
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</tbody></table> had overcome childhood polio and fought her way to good health by the time she reached her teens. Her athletic abilities made her a high school basketball star, garnered for her attention from college coaches, gained her a college education and eventually placed her in the history books alongside Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King and other civil rights activists.</span></span><br />
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Wilma Rudolph was a track and field athlete and an activist for civil rights. During the time of her victories, the United States was in the midst of a bloody civil conflict on the streets of southern cities. Politicians were grappling with the notion of granting African Americans civil rights, voting rights and civil justice. In the light of this national turmoil, all African American achievements were being sought by the Civil Rights Movement to further the cause of social change.</span></span><br />
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Wilma Rudolph - Fastest Woman on Earth in 1960</i></span></span></h3>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Wilma Rudolph, fastest woman on earth </span></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Just as television was beginning to become the main bearer of news and celebrity, Rudolph's track victories helped her to </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">pick up the civil rights struggle against Jim Crow when she got the chance to run track in college. She became an important vehicle for the Civil Rights Movement while she getting college education, which she would use later to influence a new generation of track stars and school students. The most important vehicle out of poverty and low-paying jobs was education, one of the primary goals of </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1950s</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">civil rights efforts by Martin Lu<span style="background-color: black;">ther King and Rosa Parks. Civil rights and </span></span><span style="line-height: 19.2px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Civil rights and women's rights pioneer, Wilma Rudolph did her part to break </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">down racial and gender barriers, inspiring women and African Americans when she protested that her hometown victory parade in </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Clarksville, Tennessee, after the 1960 Olympics, be an integrated event and not segregated, as Jim Crow laws had previously dictated.</span></div><div><span style="background-color: black;">
<i style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: left;"><br /></i></span><h4><i style="background-color: black; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: left;">Wilma Rudolph's 1960 Rome Olympics track victory came after Alice Coachmen's track and field victory in the 1948 London Olympics was announced on radio: Coachman became the first African American woman to win a gold medal in the history of the Olympics.</i></h4><div><i style="background-color: black; font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: left;"><br /></i></div>
<div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">In tenth grade, Wilma Rudolph became a record-setting Burt High School basketball star. Tennessee State University (TSU) track coach, Ed Temple, invited her to put on her </span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">running shoes</b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> and come to a summer track camp at TSU, where she received a full </span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">college scholarship</b><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> after graduating from high school. At TSU, Rudolph earned a place on Temple's track and field team.</span></div></div><div><span style="background-color: black; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></span></div></div></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.2px;">When Wilma </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rudolph</span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.2px;">competed in the </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1956 Melbourne </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Olympic</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">s, her first Olympic competition, she won a bronze medal</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.2px;">. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px; text-align: start;">During the Melbourne Olympics in </span><span style="text-align: left;">November </span><span style="text-align: left;">1956,</span><span style="line-height: 19.2px; text-align: start;"> 16-year-old Rudolph's attention was also on civil rights at home, where Jim Crow laws prevailed in education, housing and jobs. By June 1956, the </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.2px;">Civil Rights Movement was causing a nationwide tide of protest.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px; text-align: start;">Seven months before Rudolph </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.1889px;">1960 </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px; text-align: start;">Olympics victory</span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="line-height: 19.2px; text-align: start;">, North Carolina black female college students protested with male students against segregated </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.1867px;">lunch counters in The Woolworth Lunch Counter Sit-ins</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.2px;">, solidifying women's </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.1867px;">participation in</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.2px;"> racial protests nationwide and joining Rosa Parks in the female civil rights legacy. </span></span><br />
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<i style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 19.2px;">Wilma Rudolph was invited to the White House by President John F. Kennedy after her victory at the 1960 Rome Olympics. </i></h4>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">All eyes--young and old, black and white--were on Wilma Rudolph, considered to be the fastest woman on earth at the time. Rudolph returned from Rome in 1960 a television and media celebrity.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.2px;">Nicknamed, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.2px;">"The Tornado," Wilma Rudoloh was t</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">he first woman to win the James E. Sullivan Award for Good Sportsmanship (1961), Rudolph was the first U.S. female athlete to win the European Sportswriters' Award, Sportsman of the Year. She won the Christopher Columbus Award for Most Outstanding International Sports Personality (1960), The Penn Relays (1961), the New York Athletic Club Track Meet and The Millrose Games. In 1962, she retired from track at age 22 and graduated from college in 1963 with a degree in elementary education.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"><i>Wilma Rudolph was a school teacher and inspiration to the generation of track stars who followed her to the Olympics and beyond.</i></span></h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdmoH6y65d_pjoSIRqGhrq56_uFfeBa9EW6RBwvulg4iPB_VTi1yVy2LrEvj9Ce9tLT8Z1gGMSFllux8ccMUJsMvmqJB8ByjYOPGB_K29BkjqdcYnlDEUuVfiV6wqtwXuHjQsPamEvdq8/s1600/FloJo+&+Wilma.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="Florence “Flo Jo” Joyner & Wilma Rudolph" border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdmoH6y65d_pjoSIRqGhrq56_uFfeBa9EW6RBwvulg4iPB_VTi1yVy2LrEvj9Ce9tLT8Z1gGMSFllux8ccMUJsMvmqJB8ByjYOPGB_K29BkjqdcYnlDEUuVfiV6wqtwXuHjQsPamEvdq8/s320/FloJo+&+Wilma.jpg" title="Florence “Flo Jo” Joyner & Wilma Rudolph" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In 1963 Wilma Rudolph was selected to represent the U.S. State Department as a Goodwill Ambassador at the Games of Friendship in Dakar, Senegal. Later that year, she was invited by Dr. Billy Graham to join the Baptist Christian Athletes in Japan. </span><span style="line-height: 19.2px; text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rudolph taught school, became a sports media commentator on national television and inspired a new generation of American girls and female runners like Florence Joyner. </span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Wilma Rudolph</b> died of brain cancer in 1994 at age 54. The Clarksville, Tennessee, portion of U.S. Route 79 was renamed in her honor and, in 1997, Tennessee Governor Don Sundquist set aside June 23 as "Wilma Rudolph Day."</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com07V8M+XJ Pasadena, CA, USA34.267466 -118.115933332.435944247484912 -120.313198925 36.098987752515086 -115.918667675tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-6186535850429848042023-09-01T16:30:00.000-07:002023-09-01T16:30:20.131-07:00<div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><h1 style="text-align: left;">Our Stories </h1><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Before we had air conditioning and before outdoor entertaining was fashionable, my mother prepared lavish cold-cut suppers to serve in our backyard. Sometimes, if the budget allowed, she cooked a few vegetables, sausage links or other meats on her barrel </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">grill</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. She had a ton of grilling recipes from books and magazines that she was always anxious to try out on company. She </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">learned her grilling skills from a host of pit bosses in and out of our family. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
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<i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b>My mother talked about Saturday Night Suppers at Uncle Tinney's house when she was a young girl living on an isolated farm. </b></i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Uncle Tinney was only one of the black cowboys in our family. The closest one to me was my father, who had been a cowboy since he was born practically. And I do not mean simply dressing up like a rodeo dude. </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">My mother said, "Uncle Tinney was not really a cowboy. He had been a cowhand on a local ranch and learned his style of cooking from real cowboys. Ask my father--a real cowboy--and learn the difference between a cowboy and a cowhand. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My father was a rancher, who came from a ranching tradition that required him to be more than proficient on horseback and open fire pits on the range. </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">He knew about Saturday Night Suppers, but not those at Uncle Tinney's place. The Saturday Night Suppers my father attended were generally on the range attending the herd when some need arose that needed attention. I always wanted to spend the night out on the range, but my mother said, "No."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Uncle Tinney was married to my grandmother's sister, part Comanche through their father. My great grandfather knew about the old way and taught it to his offspring and in-laws of offspring.I have memories of m</span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">y great grandfather. He lived his last years with my grandmother's oldest sister, whom I visited during some holidays while my </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">great grandfather was still alive</span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">. I developed an interest in his old stories when I was in elementary school before he died.</span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> That could be the way Uncle Tinney learned some of his outdoor cooking techniques. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My mother said Uncle Tinney </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">dug a hole in the ground behind his house and </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">lit a slow fire in the hole</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, while real cowboys dug holes and lit fires on the range</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. I wanted to dig a hole behind our house and light a slow fire, but my mother said, "No."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then Uncle Tinney </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">placed a whole pig </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">or most of a pig</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">wrapped in corn shucks in the hole and smoked the pig all day Friday. On Saturday just before the supper, he took out the </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">tender</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">meat, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">falling off the bone.</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> With fresh white bread, his wife, my great aunt, baked in their outdoor oven, Uncle Tinny</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> made sandwiches</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> to sell at the supper. Everybody from miles around, black, white and brown, came to eat, drink Uncle Tinney's home-brewed beer, listen to Cousin Roy play is guitar and sing out of tune, and kick up dust dancing in the side yard.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><b><a href="http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/Buffalo/PB09.html">Ojibwa Woman Cooking</a></b></span><br />
<b style="color: #000066; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/Buffalo/PB09.html">An Ethnographic Biography </a></span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"My father taught all of us children how to hunt, clean and cook wild meat outdoors," my grandmother said. "That's the old way, the only way when he was a boy. Our people were starving. Wild meat and small game were how we survived because there was no </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">money or </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">store to buy meat. 'And why should you buy meat?' Bigmama's father would ask, 'when you can go out the back door and bag a rabbit or a squirrel, skin it and cook it over an open fire for supper.' So that is what we did," Bigmama said. "Very much in the old way of our prairie ancestors."</span></div>
<h4><i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b>Civilization changed greatly during the period between Bigmama's childhood and my own.</b></i><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> </span></h4>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJaNjiDDWVq3cMi3odjOzi5-50blsWwBF8kmTGr4-RsTuiwvTgBOFw2CDYPYEIN7b6ZALThoneAsfsJ2XLyF0y8bc0vZqUWb2teTzixlu66hBiRMIkisWshUl0vvczJ3Gy0q55Yrq3zM/s1600/Bigmama+Cover.jpg" style="background-color: black; clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s Sunny Nash" border="0" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJaNjiDDWVq3cMi3odjOzi5-50blsWwBF8kmTGr4-RsTuiwvTgBOFw2CDYPYEIN7b6ZALThoneAsfsJ2XLyF0y8bc0vZqUWb2teTzixlu66hBiRMIkisWshUl0vvczJ3Gy0q55Yrq3zM/w172-h260/Bigmama+Cover.jpg" title="Sunny Nash author Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s" width="172" /></a></div>
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<b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html" style="background-color: black;">Sunny Nash</a></span></b></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">Sunny Nash is an author, producer, photographer and leading writer on U.S. race relations. She writes books, blogs, articles and reviews, and produces media and images on U.S. history and contemporary American topics, ranging from Jim Crow laws to social media networking. Sunny Nash is the author of Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's (Texas A&M University Press), about life with her part-Comanche grandmother during the Civil Rights Movement.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sunny Nash’s book is recognized by the Association of American University Presses as essential for understanding U.S. race relations. Nash's book is also listed in the Bibliographic Guide for black studies at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York; and recommended for Native American collections by the Miami-Dade Public Library System in Florida. Nash uses her book to write articles and blogs on race relations in America through topics relating to her life--from music, film, early radio and television, entertainment, social media, Internet technology, publishing, journalism, sports, education, employment, the military, fashion, performing arts, literature, women's issues, adolescence and childhood, equal rights, social and political movements--past and present—to today's post-racism. </div><div class="MsoNormal"><div><div style="border: medium none; text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;"><div style="margin: 0px;"><div style="margin: 0px;">
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0Texas, USA31.9685988 -99.90181316.3142193037486116 -135.0580631 57.622978296251389 -64.7455631tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-67912827598052684942023-08-15T16:53:00.001-07:002023-08-31T21:07:18.567-07:00Labor Day - The End of Ice Cream Summer<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: large; font-weight: normal;"><i>My family, like other American families, had a Labor Day tradition when I was growing up. </i></span></span></span></h3>
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<span face="" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><u><b><br /></b></u></i></span>
<span face="" style="font-size: x-small;"><i><u><b>Similar</b></u> to a recipe my mother used, </i></span><br />
<span face="" style="font-size: x-small;"><i>this healthy choice ice cream features</i></span><br />
<span face="" style="font-size: x-small;"><i>grape juice flavoring. </i></span><br />
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<span face="" style="font-size: x-small;"><i>My mother used</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The establishment of Labor Day as a U.S. national holiday </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">and the </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">invention of the ice cream cone make an interesting historical intersection.</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></i></span></h4>
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<i>Labor Day predates the American ice cream cone by a decade. </i></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I've been working on this post for a while now, and thought I should get it out before Labor Day became a distant memory and summer had drifted down into autumn with the falling leaves.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Established </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">in 1894 as a national American holiday </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">commemorating American workers, Labor Day seems to have been hijacked by the general American public as a three-day weekend to party! For some, Labor Day marks the end of wearing white as part of our summer wardrobes for the remainder of the year. </span></div></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">When I was a little girl, I watched my mother fold all the white items in our wardrobe and </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">pack them away</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">on the Sunday before Labor Day. Why did we have to give up our favorite summer fashions because of a date on the calendar? I din't care what the calendar said, the weather was still hot in September and, besides, I liked my white shorts and shirts, now relegated to gym class. Anticipating the coming Monday, Labor Day, was also the last day of ice cream summer. I confess, Labor Day was not my favorite holiday, except for homemade ice cream.</span></div></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Green_tea_ice_cream.JPG" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Ice Cream flavored with powdered Green Tea" border="0" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Green_tea_ice_cream.JPG" title="Green Tea Flavored Ice Cream" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face="" style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=0ahUKEwj49Jrf7pnPAhVSImMKHZHMCc4QjxwIAw&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWikipedia%3AFeatured_picture_candidates%2FGreen_tea_ice_cream&bvm=bv.133178914,d.cGc&psig=AFQjCNFzkR42sEGM9IW0BfGVRJ5q7dGR6A&ust=1474320629001980" target="_blank">Green Tea Ice Cream</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Chocolate_sauce_and_vanilla_icrecream.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Vanilla Ice Cream Chocolate Syrup Topping" border="0" height="181" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Chocolate_sauce_and_vanilla_icrecream.jpg" title="Vanilla Ice Cream Chocolate Syrup Topping" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_ice_cream" target="_blank">Vanilla Ice Cream</a></span><br />
<span face=""><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_ice_cream" target="_blank">Chocolate Syrup Topping</a></span></td></tr>
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<h4 style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<b><i>I loved my mother's homemade ice cream, flavored with fresh fruit, mint, powdered green tea or chocolate syrup. </i></b></span></h4>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><div style="text-align: left;">The recipe that produced our end of summer treat wasn't my mother's recipe and she never claimed it as her own. It was a recipe that had been passed down through our family for many generations. My mother simply added her own twists to the summer delight and she liked to serve her homemade ice cream in homemade ice cream cones.</div></span>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/recipes/images/8/86/Ice_cream_cone.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20120528172356" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Vanilla ice cream in brown sugar cone" border="0" height="200" src="https://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/recipes/images/8/86/Ice_cream_cone.jpg/revision/latest?cb=20120528172356" title="Vanilla ice cream in brown sugar cone" width="158" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""><a href="http://recipes.wikia.com/wiki/Ice_cream" target="_blank">Ice Cream Cone</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div style="text-align: left;">"I can stretch the ice cream farther serving it in cones," she said. "And cones are cheaper to make than ice cream."</div><span id="goog_1045246286"></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">My mother made her own ice cream cones from a recipe she found in a book from a second-hand store that also sold used furniture and other household goods that she sometimes purchased at very discounted prices if they were in good condition, but they, especially, had to be in good taste and in keeping with my mother's exquisite sense of decor and impeccable style. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Agnes_B_Marshall.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Agnes B. Marshall, Queen of Ices and Inventor of Ice Cream Cone Published in 1888" border="0" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Agnes_B_Marshall.jpg" title="Agnes B. Marshall, Queen of Ices and Inventor of Ice Cream Cone Published in 1888" width="207" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><span face="" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Marshall" target="_blank">Agnes B. Marshall</a><br />Inventor of Ice Cream Cone<br />Published in 1888</b></span></span></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Some books my mother collected on various subjects said the ice cream cone was popularized in America at the </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">St. Louis </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">World's Fair in </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1904, making </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ice cream cones 112 years old today. "</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: right;">Ice cream cones may have become known in America in 1904," m</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: right;">y mother said, "But they have been around much longer in the rest of the world."</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: right;"><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">In 1888, 128 years ago, English author and dessert chef, Agnes Bertha Marshall, published</span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;"><i><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Mrs-B-Marshalls-Cookery-Book/dp/B004WYY68M/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&qid=1473629170&sr=8-3&keywords=Book+of+Cookery+by+a.+b.+marshall&linkCode=ll1&tag=sunnas-20&linkId=ac2565e9254e3ed2cab9bff3064b7367" style="font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Book of Cookery</a>,</i></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;"> containing the ice cream cone recipe my mother mimicked in her own kitchen when I was young. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">The ice cream cone recipe was different from the one Mrs. Shields sold in her 1950s neighborhood confectionery </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">down the street</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;"> from where we lived</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">. Mrs. Shields bought her cones wholesale off the back of a truck from a traveling salesman. Her ice cream was store-bought, too, which, according to most her the neighbors who bought her goods, were also very over priced. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">Agnes Bertha Marshall was the authority on cold sweet treats, according to my mother. Marshall wrote so many books on the preparation of </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">desserts made from flavored ices, t</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">he </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">English author earned the title, <i>Queen of Ices</i>.</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;"> </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/US_Flag_-_iconic_waving.svg/2000px-US_Flag_-_iconic_waving.svg.png" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="American Flag Waving" border="0" height="215" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/US_Flag_-_iconic_waving.svg/2000px-US_Flag_-_iconic_waving.svg.png" title="Waving American Flag" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face="">Labor Day, a National Holiday <br />Celebrating the American Worker</span></td></tr>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Ice Cream Cones and Labor Day Go Hand-in-Hand</i></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Don't get me wrong, my mother was knowledgeable about and appreciated the real history of Labor Day and many other things in the human experience, on which she did not hesitate educating me. The historical marker for Labor Day, as well as many other historical date markers were common discussions in our house. My mother used the calendar for some of the liveliest history lessons, which she called history stories trying to make me think of these conversations as everyday dinner table banter instead of what the conversations really were--an extension of school!</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I guess you could surmise that my mother was a history buff and did her best to turn me into one, too. Not only was she a history buff, but a science buff, a math buff, an art buff, language buff; you name it! If it had to do with education, the subject made her a buff. She scoured used book store shelves and, yard and estate sales looking for suitable material to use against all of my free time. At the time when I was growing up, public policy prevented us from entering most libraries. Occasionally, a neighbor that worked </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">for the city </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">as a library janitor brought my mother worn library </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">books</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">discarded from shelves due to overuse, wear-and-tear and abuse. </span></div></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><div style="text-align: left;">Repairing a book with a broken spine or torn pages, and erasing pencil marks from margins, my mother complained, "Some people should not be allowed to check out library books because they don't know how to handle them! And they won't let us into the public library!"</div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I was not allowed to celebrate something unless I had an understanding of what the something was and, sometimes, not even then; as in my grandmother's lesson on Halloween, another story. But I will keep this discussion focused on </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ice cream cones and </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Labor Day.</span></div></span></div></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><i style="font-size: x-large;">My great grandmother's homemade ice cream recipe marked the end of summer.</i></strong></h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEQ9MWPcPnlvi9i514bvlzBdUn6NI0nIEn9X2CwhaJghpV9LroExtMr39rJmGvyNU_UzRfgeKrq8tDR7oo31ec4sKDRSB_zAZFbkkbvU_t0n7Sm-vVAvRqhfKJkYWhaw3NkA4Pt8Eu-C0S/s1600/ice+cream+freezer.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Vintage White Mountain Ice Cream Freezer" border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEQ9MWPcPnlvi9i514bvlzBdUn6NI0nIEn9X2CwhaJghpV9LroExtMr39rJmGvyNU_UzRfgeKrq8tDR7oo31ec4sKDRSB_zAZFbkkbvU_t0n7Sm-vVAvRqhfKJkYWhaw3NkA4Pt8Eu-C0S/s1600/ice+cream+freezer.jpg" title="Vintage White Mountain Ice Cream Freezer" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face="" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="http://www.pinterest.com/pin/557461260095365934/">Vintage White Mountain</a></b></span><br />
<span face="" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="http://www.pinterest.com/pin/557461260095365934/">Ice Cream Freezer</a></b></span><br />
<span face="" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><span face="">Similar the the </span><span style="text-align: justify;">th</span><span style="text-align: justify;">e</span><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="text-align: justify;">100-</span><span style="text-align: justify;">plus-</span><span style="text-align: justify;">year-old </span></b></span><br />
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<span face="" style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><b>antique, wooden ice cream freezer</b></span></span></div>
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<span face="" style="font-size: x-small;"><b>in the possession of my family </b></span></div>
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<span face="" style="font-size: x-small;"><b>for decades after </b></span></div>
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<span face="" style="font-size: x-small;"><b>my great-grandmother died.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">On Labor Day, my mother made her grandmother's </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">100-</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">plus-</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">year-old </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">homemade ice cream recipe </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">given to her by her grandmother</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> to use with the</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">100-</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">plus-</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">year-old </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">antique wooden ice cream freezer</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, also a gift from her </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">grandmother. I remember the freezer well. It </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">stayed in the family for years, coming first into the possession of my grandmother via her mother, then my mother. </span></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I remember taking turns with invited neighborhood children cranking the ice cream freezer. My mother usually made vanilla but occasionally mixed in fresh seasonal fruit or berries or mint from our garden or powdered green tea, all of which my mother also used in our </span><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2014/08/teatime-rituals-and-outdoor-entertaining.html" target="_blank">teatime rituals</a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. </span></div></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><i>I don't know what finally happened to my great grandmother's ice cream freezer, which would be mine by now. I only have a vague memory of the wooden boards coming off. Overuse, I guess. </i></b></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUhCcahdw3fXymBqUw_6z5z4Ib51asQ-TvHYFsVZFFFk5AEMQzV5Ew4a-CP5JHhml7_W8lRjWh86D-cQx9eJcem9ULzcT7KX7WgISstPibpbyGDW4lMiAREUE0HOBBJOQfHpK43l1BCLRs/s1600/grill.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sausage and Veggies on the Grill" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUhCcahdw3fXymBqUw_6z5z4Ib51asQ-TvHYFsVZFFFk5AEMQzV5Ew4a-CP5JHhml7_W8lRjWh86D-cQx9eJcem9ULzcT7KX7WgISstPibpbyGDW4lMiAREUE0HOBBJOQfHpK43l1BCLRs/s1600/grill.jpg" title="Sausage and Veggies on the Grill" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><span face=""><b>Sausage and Veggies on the Grill</b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Before the arrival of Labor Day</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: italic;">, </span>during ice cream summer, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: italic;"> many of our evenings in the backyard included my mother's cookouts, where she invited neighbors to join in the fun.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div style="text-align: left;">If neighbors had something to throw on the fire or place on the table, it was welcomed. However, if they didn't have a contribution to the feast, my mother welcomed them empty-handed anyway, dividing up what she already had so that everyone got a little taste of some part of her delicious offering. </div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div style="text-align: left;">As flatbed trucks drove slowly down neighborhood streets and stopped at various corners letting people off, many of our neighbors and their children my own age were only getting home from their summer jobs toiling from sunup to sundown in blazing sun picking cotton on nearby farms. </div></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times, times new roman, serif;">"You can't throw an outdoor ice cream supper and let your neighbors stare from the heat of their yards," my mother said. "If you don't have something to offer them, keep your supper inside your house, no matter how hot is tets in there! Especially on Labor Day!"<br /></span>
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<span face="" style="font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="background-color: #444444;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/author/sunnynash" target="_blank">At Woolworth’s </a></span></i></b></span></div>
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<b><span face=""><span style="background-color: #444444;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/author/sunnynash" target="_blank">Sunny Nash</a></span></span></b></div>
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<b style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: black; color: #e47911;" target="_blank">at Woolworth's</a></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b style="background-color: black;">Bigmama Didn't Shop </b></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b style="background-color: black;">at Woolworth's</b></a></div>
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</tbody></table>Author of <em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Sunny-Nash/e/B001KIYUP2?ref_=dbs_p_pbk_r00_abau_000000">Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth's</a>, Sunny Nash is recognized as a leading author on U.S. Race Relations.</em></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><p>Sunny Nash's book, which she fondly refers to as "<em>The Bigmama Book</em>," is about life with her part-Comanche grandmother during the Civil Rights Movement. The book is awarded the distinction, <em>Book for Understanding U.S. Race Relations</em> by the American Association of University Presses; and recommended for <em>Native American Collections</em> by Miami-Dade County Library System. Nash writes a popular blog, <a href="https://sunnynash.blogspot.com/" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</a>, based on period themes from her book.</p>
<p><em><a href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/profile/amzn1.account.AGEZAZJGOQOMMCJS4LTEOP6TORCQ/ref=cm_cr_dp_d_gw_tr?ie=UTF8" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Robin Fruble</a> of Southern California wrote, "Every white person in America should read this book (Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's)! Sunny Nash writes the story of her childhood without preaching or ranting but she made me realize for the first time just how much skin color changes how one experiences the world. But, if your skin color is brown, it matters a great deal to a great number of people. I needed to learn that. Sunny Nash is a great teacher," Fruble said.</em></p>
<h6 style="text-align: center;"><strong>©</strong> Copyright 2020. <a href="http://www.sunnynash.com/">Sunny Nash</a>. All rights reserved.</h6>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0308 S Hill St, Los Angeles, CA 90013, USA34.0512864 -118.249025234.037061874837477 -118.26619133769532 34.065510925162528 -118.23185906230469tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-74247938715285298052022-04-06T17:47:00.001-07:002023-08-31T21:15:54.260-07:00Nothing Really Wrong<p> </p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://soundcloud.com/user-440655113/nothing-really-wrong" style="clear: left; display: inline; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: right;" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="456" data-original-width="1310" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKNgsaPjNgKbYoTkamjRTODqI2jNyqJlUvRAF0ql3I9AhmL2MPEERlkr_zj-ymwcmTiHKzJSN6ltqArdh6eNVwCalw4E2rX6KTL6OL-KpxQQ7RRPIxXnWHT77_noAFAdpVJ7XENNBxaPEcq4ZACVBP6PHrO0dRL5rXopKPezQ4dBVCQHFL8z8AtVRAug/w645-h223/SoundCloud%20Capture%20edit.jpg" width="645" /></a></p><h2><b><h2><b><a href="https://soundcloud.com/user-440655113/nothing-really-wrong" target="_blank">Nothing Really Wrong...</a></b></h2></b></h2><p class="MsoNormal">Sunny Nash</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal">Early in my writing career, I was a staff editor at a small
magazine. One day, my boss stopped me in the hallway and asked how I felt about
my position. Was that a trick question, I thought? I did not say how much I
really wanted a byline for my portfolio. I did not say how I thought I was
passed over for writing assignments and given only proofreading chores to clean
up the slop of other favored staff editors, who did occasionally get to write
for a byline. I kept those things to myself because I already knew the truth
would not be welcome in these quarters.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I was a demographic statistic that ticked a box on a form, a
box marked 'grateful' to have a job anywhere in an industry among so-called
colleagues, who ignored my potential contributions in favor of low-standard
status quo. But none of that really mattered to me anymore. I had a secret
moonlit counterpunch up my sleeve, ready to knockout any doubt about who I was,
who I am and who I will become.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So, I said, "Nothing is really wrong."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">"I didn't think so," my boss replied, strutting
away confidently.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Watching her strut down the hallway shrouded in homemade
snobbery, it all hit me like a ton of soiled bed linen and musty pillows! She
had to prevent my star from shining. To her, I represented the competition to
her next promotion by her own male boss. Oh, yes! My little boss lady was
scared to death of my taking over her position, a position I thought beneath
any female dog, knowing all about what she had done to land herself in that
broken-down bunk, in the first place, and to keep wallowing there. Seeing her
disappear down the hallway, revealed to me at that moment I had nothing to fear
from her at all. In fact, I had nothing to fear from anyone! No one can hold me
back, except me, as long as I use my vertical, rather than horizontal,
strategies to fulfill my intellectual and professional aspirations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Below is a portion of the gadgets in my toolbox, filled with
self-constructed, unscientifically-tested doohickeys, donkey-rigged doodads,
widgets, thingamajigs and my mammy-made wardrobe suggestions, which all work
for me and could, perhaps with your personal modifications, help you toward
your independent standard of best practices in life.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Learn everything the system offers</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Embrace all knowledge</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Understand and use new concepts</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Seek advantages in technology</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Seize opportunities to be innovative</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Stay ahead of the pack</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Abandon trends before they become untrendy</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Do not be afraid to compete</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Avoid the passé</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Study the past to conquer the future</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Good looks do count, but do not use them</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Dress cheap from the "Children's Place"</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Wear comfortable shoes, boots are preferable</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Eat to live, do not live to eat</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Greed is not attractive</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Value humanity</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Appreciate the planet</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Do your best</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">And other stuff...</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Take it from me, whomever we allow to define who we are
controls whoever we become. I decided the day of my little boss lady's question
that I would take ownership of me; throw away the key; break the mold; and any
other worn-out cliché that can be applied to my situation. Let no one crack my
head open ever again and pour in their poison about who I am and what I can do.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This life belongs to me! I, alone, own it!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The night following my little boss lady's question, I went
home and wrote a song to fit the occasion, not limited to the position I held
in that organization, but including the total person I knew could become. It
was my decision to spend my time and money on education, training, traveling,
learning and creating what would benefit me and, quite possibly, humankind.
When I had finished the song, I felt free for the first time and it didn't
matter that my little boss lady dismissed me as her inferior because I knew the
truth that she was yet to learn.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Staring down at my letter of resignation on her desk the
next day, she was shocked as she asked, "Who will hire a black writer in
this town? There are no black magazines here!"</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I said, "That's not a problem you have to ponder."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">She watched as I laid the key to my cubicle on her desk atop
my letter of resignation, and left her office, quietly closing the door behind
me. I knew which way I was headed and never looked down again.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Writing my song, " <a href="https://soundcloud.com/user-440655113/nothing-really-wrong" target="_blank">Nothing Really Wrong</a>," helped me to change the
direction of my life. I think my song may help you change the direction of your
life if, in fact, your life needs changing.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A version of this essay was first published in 2021 World
Pulse: An independent, women-led, global social network for social change.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Sunny Nash is a journalist and author of "Bigmama
Didn't Shop at Woolworth's" about life with her part Comanche grandmother
during the Civil Rights Movement. The book is selected by the Association of
American University Press as a book for understanding U.S. Race Relations, and
recommended by the Miami-Dade Public Library System for Native Collections.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Article Source: <a href="https://ezinearticles.com/expert/Sunny_Nash/214753">https://EzineArticles.com/expert/Sunny_Nash/214753</a></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-91284333307082299552020-12-26T06:00:00.004-08:002021-07-27T20:26:38.603-07:00The Day After Christmas<p></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh95DzvfRZmVaFlAtJ7Lff9wF67R7Cf41vDp-m4illHab7nPSS58K8XEkk17Mui_l05gwDEoXZGyzJD9vGKE8I6DHEdBujo-UzWlhVxk43YBxcwK3h8r2K67O_8keo2Sc5yCSkcKurKSLJG/s2048/Editing+SN+Photo.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1114" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh95DzvfRZmVaFlAtJ7Lff9wF67R7Cf41vDp-m4illHab7nPSS58K8XEkk17Mui_l05gwDEoXZGyzJD9vGKE8I6DHEdBujo-UzWlhVxk43YBxcwK3h8r2K67O_8keo2Sc5yCSkcKurKSLJG/w174-h320/Editing+SN+Photo.jpg" width="174" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: x-small;"><b>Sunny Nash<br />Author-Journalist</b></span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span style="font-family: arial;">The following vignette is from my book: </span></p><p><b><i><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Sunny-Nash/e/B001KIYUP2?ref_=dbs_p_pbk_r00_abau_000000">Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's</a></i></b></p><p><b>__________________________</b></p><p>The sky was hazy that Friday, December 26, 1958. Hanging low
just above the houses, dense, moist gray clouds spawned a fine cold mist that
drifted to the ground, freezing everything it touched. Pointed tin rooftops and
tall leafless trees glistened in the distance like Colorado postcards. Near the
ground, electrical wires sacked under the weight of ice, and the slippery front
steps of our house and the porches of our Candy Hill neighbors shimmered under
a frosty crust. Still ill with the mumps, I could do nothing but read and look
out of the window. The house smelled of peppermint, oranges, turkey, nutmeg, and, of course, cedar; but are small brown Christmas tree had shed nearly all its tiny dried branches, leaving little to hold up the sparkling red balls my mother had so carefully placed upon them. Fear of burning down our house had prompted her to stop the flashing of colorful lights on Christmas night. My grandmother had warned her that she was putting up the tree too early.</p><p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal">Through our living room window, when my grandmother let me
out of bed for a few minutes that day, I noticed nothing moving on the street—not
a person, not a car, not a dog or cat. I didn’t expect to see a cat out in
wretched whether, not the way they tiptoed around lightly in a spring shower,
trying to keep their feet from touching the ground and getting wet.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">No one I knew personally, except a yellow-slickered trash
man who lived around the corner, owned the proper winter clothing to be out that
day after Christmas. The winter before, a storm had blown in while I was at
school. My woolen overcoat absorbed cold moisture and soaked my sweater
underneath. I came down with the flu. The cough hung on until spring.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">At times, my clear plastic rain slicker kept out rain but
welcomed cold that seemed to chill me to the bone. On East 19<sup>th</sup> Street,
now East Martin Luther King Street, the students’ main route to Washington Elementary
School on East 20<sup>th</sup> Street, was so thick and sticky with mud that it
pulled off our shoes and sent us home in soggy socks.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During entire winters when I was a child, my
toes stayed cold.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I was plagued with
sore throat and lost my voice every other week.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJegisczW2oW9ciwhpqndDqP41WyfTvFrfPdU_tWZvs3b245952GwIH5Crmy0RWOq29R4PB3T0HqDrqe9Qq80_pQ0Ova4owtDwcwbjdEr8UE7eUFE-OjfptuckoRImlpomzty138rGOrH3/s300/Bigmama+Cover.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="199" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJegisczW2oW9ciwhpqndDqP41WyfTvFrfPdU_tWZvs3b245952GwIH5Crmy0RWOq29R4PB3T0HqDrqe9Qq80_pQ0Ova4owtDwcwbjdEr8UE7eUFE-OjfptuckoRImlpomzty138rGOrH3/w174-h262/Bigmama+Cover.jpg" width="174" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="text-align: left;"><i><a href="https://www.amazon.com/author/sunnynash" target="_blank">Bigmama Didn't Shop <br />At Woolworth's</a></i></b></td></tr></tbody></table>It was my guess act, by this time, our Candy Hill neighbors—after
tossing out their shiny gift paper and picking their turkeys clean—were huddled
around a pot-bellied wood stove or a kerosene heater or a gas jet burner,
trying to keep warm.<p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I can’t remember what was in the box with my name on it;
presents didn’t matter to me that year, and Christmas dinner was a blur along
in my bed. I was preoccupied with the loss of my brother. His seventh birthday
would have been December 26, had he not died a few months before. Our one-day-late
Christmas gift, as my mother always called him fondly, was gone. And my broken
heart was not prepared for any festivities or joyous celebration.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">My hot breath fogged the window pane. I traced fragile stick
figures with my fingertip.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Through my delicate
drawings, I saw a lonely road out front.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-22553561235738457302020-12-25T19:16:00.000-08:002020-12-25T19:16:02.703-08:00My Mother & The Thinkers <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><i>Fine art appreciation, classical music and reading neutralized the sting of Jim Crow.</i></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>When I was nine, my mother brought home a book on the French sculptor, <span style="font-family: "times new roman";">François-Auguste-René Rodin </span>(1840-1917). </i></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My mother loved art</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, any art--</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">books, literature,</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">paintings, sculpture, music, film, dance, photography, architecture, history, philosophy and intelligent conversation. But </span><span style="font-family: "times";">I was as confused about her handing </span><span style="font-family: "times";">this book </span><span style="font-family: "times";">over to me after she had read it as I was about her making me take ballet and piano lessons, which I am now convinced she insisted upon so that I could notate music to the songs she was writing, another s</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">tory for another time. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I remember that on the cover of the book was Rodin's The Thinker, a bronze and marble sculpture, which is now in the Musée Rodin in Paris. "Why do I have to read this book about Rodin?" I asked, mispronouncing his name in my childish innocence and ignorance. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times"; text-align: left;">"Because I said you have to read it," my mother answered. "And because I refuse to raise an ignorant child who can't pronounce Rodin correctly."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times"; text-align: left;">"Oh," was all I could muster. "But why do I have to read this?"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times";"><span style="font-family: "times";">"So you will learn to say his name correctly... Rodin," she pronounced it for me again and made me repeat it. "You can't go to college mispronouncing famous names." </span><span style="font-family: "times";">I knew I did not dare argue with her or just pretend I to read the book because she would quiz me on it like she did everything else. So, I read it.</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUPZftkKTHoGWunysA9AMRrBTgPU6ZNxu-Dk1I8DIsQyRnK07g0RnLG6TIp373VXJfvyJgZwE47QAWIW_ME6zcBwh7T_LFhwZqHP1jo5cJQQhKkSB-L5x0gTPEeyUYJj1DEeQu9jDuZXn2/s1600/Rodin+Museum.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Rodin Museum in Paris, France: Thinker Statue by François-Auguste-René Rodin (1840-1917)" border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUPZftkKTHoGWunysA9AMRrBTgPU6ZNxu-Dk1I8DIsQyRnK07g0RnLG6TIp373VXJfvyJgZwE47QAWIW_ME6zcBwh7T_LFhwZqHP1jo5cJQQhKkSB-L5x0gTPEeyUYJj1DEeQu9jDuZXn2/s320/Rodin+Museum.jpg" title="Rodin Museum in Paris, France" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.6667px; text-align: center;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><b>Rodin Museum in Paris, France</b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">When Rodin was 76 years old, he donated his own works of art and his art collection by other artists to the French government. My mother told me about his donation, which is now in the <a href="http://www.rodinmuseum.org/" target="_blank">Rodin Museum</a>.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixKKWAKEH773mnQPg_TwG6jzCkZWfJ44E-s1Q0e-mC6Cf4ZZlvkL_VLLKI6HPpbDdy0p1c5gGohhQOIRJ05L225sCAk-fvsTBIXNOmdH3b0fHGrgUs26RkptzzFolmTTmUgNK9vGQQcQQJ/s1600/Rodin+Museum+Interior.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="Rodin Museum: Le Baiser" border="0" height="218" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixKKWAKEH773mnQPg_TwG6jzCkZWfJ44E-s1Q0e-mC6Cf4ZZlvkL_VLLKI6HPpbDdy0p1c5gGohhQOIRJ05L225sCAk-fvsTBIXNOmdH3b0fHGrgUs26RkptzzFolmTTmUgNK9vGQQcQQJ/s320/Rodin+Museum+Interior.jpg" title="Rodin Museum: Le Baiser" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.6667px; text-align: center;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.bonjourparis.com/story/rodin-museum-baiser/" target="_blank"><b>Rodin Museum: Le Baiser</b></a></span></td></tr>
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>My mother said people who create, participate in and appreciate art are better thinkers than those who do not. </i></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><br /></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">"Those interested in literature, music and art can handle conversation," she said. "It has to do with the way their brains work and how they decide to live; maybe because they use their minds in a different way."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">Contrary<strong> </strong>to what I thought before starting the book about Rodin, I did find it interesting. Rodin's early education was not considered good enough to gain him entrance into the elite art academy and still he went on to be a foremost figure in the development of modern sculpture. H<span style="font-family: "times";">is piece, <em>The Thinker, </em>became my favorite work of art, representing a superior intellectual quality like my mother's that I wished to possess. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times";"><span style="font-family: "times";"></span></span><br /></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rodin-cropped.png/220px-Rodin-cropped.png" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="François-Auguste-René Rodin (1840-1917)" border="0" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rodin-cropped.png/220px-Rodin-cropped.png" title="François-Auguste-René Rodin (1840-1917)" width="160" /></a></td></tr>
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<span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: xx-small;"><b><span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: xx-small;">François-Auguste-René Rodin<i> </i></span></b></span></div>
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<span face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" style="font-size: xx-small;"><i><b>(1840-1917)</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times";"><span style="font-family: "times";"></span></span><span style="font-family: "times";"><b><i>How could my mother have known this man, this book and this sculpture would have that impact on me?</i></b> </span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times";">Was she teaching me something about my own intellect, also considered inferior because I was attending a </span><span style="font-family: "times";">Jim Crow </span><span style="font-family: "times";">school at the time?</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> </span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times";">My mother knew</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times";">the book about Rodin was not the type of reading material our school library offered. </span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">She wanted me to know about people and places far away from my Jim Crow world, one of the reasons we traveled to other states where I could see what the rest of the world had to offer me. </span><span style="font-family: "times";">S</span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">tarting when I was four years old <b><a href="https://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/11/movies-not-just-black-white.html" target="_blank">m</a></b></span><b><a href="https://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/11/movies-not-just-black-white.html" target="_blank">y mother took me to the movies</a></b><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times";">at the segregated theater downtown. Once the lights went down, I was transported to wherever the movie took me. </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">. We would lose ourselves in the beautiful clothes and exotic locations. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">"Do not be afraid to explore art, film, books and traditions of other cultures," she always said. "That's how you learn." My mother believed in a </span><span style="font-family: "times";">global education</span><span style="font-family: "times";">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">While reading the book on Rodin, I learned that he was born in 1840 in Paris, France. That was the same time that, on this side of the Atlantic, </span><span style="font-family: "times";">slavery in America</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> was still flourishing in the Deep South. Even as the Civil Rights Movement was in progress, i</span><span style="font-family: "times";">t was unlikely that a little black girl would have been able to discover the genius of Rodin or others without someone like my mother to make the suggestion.</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> At</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> my mother's insistence on exposing me to higher concepts, </span><span style="font-family: "times";">I was reading about Rodin d</span><span style="font-family: "times";">uring the civil rights movement. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">There were people </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">whom</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"> my mother </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">admired </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">in the world who</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"> were not directly associated with the sciences or the arts, but she believed if she could get inside their homes, she would find art hanging on the walls, many shelves of bo</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">oks and the music of the masters playing in the background. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">
<i>"Did you know Albert Einstein was also a musician?" My mother asked me.</i></span></h4>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/einst_fid.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Musical Mind of Albert Einstein: Great Physicist, Amateur Violinist and Devotee of Mozart" border="0" height="187" src="https://cdn8.openculture.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/einst_fid.jpg" title="The Musical Mind of Albert Einstein: Great Physicist, Amateur Violinist and Devotee of Mozart" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
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<a href="http://www.openculture.com/2013/06/the_musical_mind_of_albert_einstein.html"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">The Musical Mind of Albert Einstein: </span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.openculture.com/2013/06/the_musical_mind_of_albert_einstein.html"></a><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2013/06/the_musical_mind_of_albert_einstein.html"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Great Physicist, Amateur Violinist </span></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.openculture.com/2013/06/the_musical_mind_of_albert_einstein.html"></a><a href="http://www.openculture.com/2013/06/the_musical_mind_of_albert_einstein.html"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">and Devotee of Mozart</span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Who is that?" I asked her.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Spring before I started first grade, Albert Einstein died. My mother was anxious to have me understand not only what the world had lost when this genius died, but also what the world had in him. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"A genius," she said. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"What's that?"</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"A very smart person," she said.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Like you?" I asked.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">She laughed. "No, much smarter than me. H</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">e loved Mozart and used his music to help him develop his theories." </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">There she goes again, I thought. I didn't understand what all of that meant. I was only five years old! </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">And my mother's intellectual admiration did not stop at theoretical physicists. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"I'll bet Dr. Martin Luther King and Rosa Parks know who Albert Einstein is," my mother said.</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rosa Parks started the Montgomery Bus Boycott at the end of 1955 after I was in first grade. My mother kept up with all that news the same way she had kept up with the Supreme Court ruling in </span><i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Brown v the Board of Education</i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. She bought magazines and newspapers on her way home from work.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikvSDHnA8TMerddUvrseVHjHjLrR2NMCKW_2PXH-PaG7j1XThLX02iPI8iQBD7JcB9AGi7qIw7xQX1GCQ82vigr8vYqSfL6DGH39GGr-2if1vNUj_okMPeaKOIlx6kdGNZ02JR7Yij4Koq/s1600/Rosa+Parks+Arrest.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Rosa Parks Booking Photo, Montgomery Bus Boycott" border="0" height="279" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikvSDHnA8TMerddUvrseVHjHjLrR2NMCKW_2PXH-PaG7j1XThLX02iPI8iQBD7JcB9AGi7qIw7xQX1GCQ82vigr8vYqSfL6DGH39GGr-2if1vNUj_okMPeaKOIlx6kdGNZ02JR7Yij4Koq/s1600/Rosa+Parks+Arrest.jpg" title="Rosa Parks Booking Photo, Montgomery Bus Boycott" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><b>Rosa Parks Booking Photo, Montgomery Bus Boycott</b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"You can hear culture in people's voices and in the way they use language," my mother said. "Reserved and elegant, t</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">hose are the thinkers. Thinkers become doers." </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">As history has recorded, both Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote books about their lives and experiences during the Civil Rights Movement, documenting those thoughts and the resulting actions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">We had a television in 1955, but there were a couple of problems. In our town, there was only one local station and it was quite conservative and limited broadcasts to those that were none offensive to the majority community. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">That meant very little to no coverage of Rosa Parks, the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Secondly, my mother had her doubts that sitting in front of a screen too much was safe for the eyes or the brain. So, she restricted my television viewing to her approved list of programming. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBN7DLxIGaL1ykP8MV7MRk0zZZkYg5IUSZetWrWcvR-jIrvZgmoPrz6tZ0LRS_YSs5Cz9_IJg9SZ7g-g9JT7gwQjjWuJJLLkJYx9Z9Ww1VciOITfuhiLLvziJe6jvjoBpx_82jzdAPBNng/s1600/Parks+&+MLK+mugshot.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King booking photos" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBN7DLxIGaL1ykP8MV7MRk0zZZkYg5IUSZetWrWcvR-jIrvZgmoPrz6tZ0LRS_YSs5Cz9_IJg9SZ7g-g9JT7gwQjjWuJJLLkJYx9Z9Ww1VciOITfuhiLLvziJe6jvjoBpx_82jzdAPBNng/s1600/Parks+&+MLK+mugshot.jpg" title="Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King booking photos" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2011/08/jim-crow-dead-gone.html" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank"><b>Rosa Parks</b></a><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> & </span><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/04/martin-luther-king-education-and-dream.html" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank"><b>Martin Luther King</b></a><br />
<i style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">(Articles)</i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">My mother received civil rights news through delivery of national black publications to our home on a weekly basis. She required me to read articles and then discuss them with her afterwards. Topics were confusing to me and not always a pleasant experience. I always enjoyed our discussions of art history more, perhaps because, as a child, art history was less intimidating than civil rights. </span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">When my mother made me read articles and books she had selected, I read them to be ready for her quizzes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">I read books and articles, and examined art because my mother said a person could not be just a collector of books and art. Art hanging on walls or books on shelves did not pass my mother's sniff test. The person who possessed the books and art had to know something about what was in the books, know about the art or know something about the artist who produce the art. An amateur artist herself, she liked to paint animals, birds and landscapes. My really wanted to me to be interested in art, too.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My grandmother bought me a <a href="http://www.brownie-camera.com/articles/origin/origin.shtml">Brownie </a></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.brownie-camera.com/articles/origin/origin.shtml">camera</a></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> when I was eight in exchange for not bothering her gun again. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">She got really upset when I sneaked the gun out of the house and tried to buy bullets at the corner market. But the storekeeper called my house and told my grandmother what I was up to. I tried to explain that I had a good reason, but no one would listen. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My grandmother said my punishment was to use the camera to shoot whatever or whoever I needed to shoot, but not without asking them first. "Do not go sneaking around behind people's backs taking pictures of them," she said. "That is a good way to make enemies and to lose your camera privileges." Like I lost my gun privileges, I thought, hoping she wouldn't tell my mother about the gun.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My mother didn't ask why my grandmother bought me the camera, but she restricted my photography even further: Do not photograph people! S</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">he felt I would not be sufficiently respectful of their privacy and she was probably right. Although, looking back on it, I</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> wouldn't call what I was doing photography. My photographs were awful. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">But my mother was delighted that I was interested in photography. "It's a form of fine art," she said. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">I wrote a story, </span><i style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: left;">Shooting Without A Gun</i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">, in my book, </span><b style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: left;"><i><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Sunny-Nash/e/B001KIYUP2" target="_blank">Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's</a></i></b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">, about Bigmama's gun and the camera. Take a look and join </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/iksunny?feature=mhee" style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: left;" target="_blank">my channel</a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My mother didn't say much about the incident with me and Bigmama's gun, but I am certain she had all to do with my grandmother giving me that camera.</span></i></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My mother was particularly fond of </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">sunsets, water, night skies, old buildings and sand. W</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">hen I was about 11 years old, my mother </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">bought post</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">cards with </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ansel Adams photography, saying I should model my own style of photography on his style, which she thought was magnificent. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I had no photographic style. "Aim high!" She scolded. "And b</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">e sure and pack your camera when we go to the beach next weekend." My mother had a friend in Houston who was from a wealthy mortuary family with property in Galveston and one son my age. During the season, we often met her and her son at their beach cottage for weekends. My mother was always happy when her friend's older son, who was a professional photographer, joined us at the beach and let me tag along while he photographed nature scenes and explained lighting and photo composition. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">The summer of my 15th birthday, Aunt Clara took me to the mountains, where I wasted rolls of film trying to take shots as my mother had instructed, only to find out after the photographs were developed that I was no Ansel Adams, nor was I even close. I was very disappointed when I got home from vacation, and my mother and I reviewed my shots. Then, I realized the photography exercise was for my benefit. She was trying to help me develop an eye. </span></div>
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<i style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif; text-align: right;">I did eventually develop an eye for photography. My images were published in a significant reference book on the history of photography.</i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: right;"> </span></h4>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: x-small;"><b>A History of Black </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My photography has been collected by a number of prestigious museums and libraries, published in books, newspapers and magazines, and exhibited around the world with a Smithsonian Exhibition, <b>Reflections in Black: A History of Black Photographers 1840 to the Present</b>. I credit my mother for my success by insisting that I take all those terrible pictures when I was a kid.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My mother was totally absorbed in art--the art of others in galleries, her own art creations, my crude and amateur photography or pictures in books. And she liked volumes, not just for the quantity, but for the matching binding. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Sets of books make you feel like you're in a library," she said. "</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The feel of art books and the smell of them make me want to paint or get knee-deep in some clay. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">You can't pretend to love art or know what's in books. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Love and knowledge of these subjects come out in conversation, and if you're pretending, you will soon look the fool. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Anybody with money can be advised on what art pieces to buy," she said. "The real test is finding a way to surround yourself with art if you are on a tight budget.</span>" </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">And a tight budget was something my mother knew all about. "But we can't let the lack of money keep us from enjoying the finer things," she said. "People need art in their lives, all people--rich and poor!" </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">When I was a little girl, our town did not allow us to use the segregated public library in the 1950s. Jim Crow laws ordered the public library to offer bookmobile services to neighborhoods. A bookmobile was a converted station wagon, van or bus with rows shelves with books, mostly outdated and tattered. The bookmobile was most active in summer and parked in public parks. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Back then, until we were allowed to use the library, my mother and I took a Greyhound Bus 100 miles away to Houston to use the Houston Public Library. The </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">trip to Houston was an all day affair, but worth it, even if we didn't qualify for library cards, not because we were not white, but because we were from out of town. </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">We sat among all those art books on the shelves and read until it was time for us to catch our bus back home. </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">My mother used the library, like she used movies, to imagine places we had never been, to see images from faraway places that one day we might see and to teach me to see myself as the Jim Crow south could not. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">From those movies and books, she imagined scenes, learned to paint oil landscapes and restored damaged art she bought in second-hand stores. She collected art, museum, gallery and exhibition books and often dragged me to out-of-town galleries and museums that allowed African Americans to enter if could afford a ticket. Afterwards, she bought </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">greeting cards and program </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">booklets that were not too expensive and she required me to make detailed critiques of shows we had seen.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My mother collected interior design, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">architecture and </span>art magazines<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, too. "Be careful with those," she told me. "They're not cheap." </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sketching out plans for home improvement projects was a favorite past-time that m</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">y mother loved. Using her architecture and art magazines, and Vogue pattern decorating book, she measured and made multiple drawings before presenting them to my father to see if he could build whatever it was she wanted. </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;">Usually, he couldn't or wouldn't produce her final design or, if he did, she wasn't satisfied with the shortcuts he took. So, she went on to construct whatever small project she wanted to create. </span></div>
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<i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><b>Art, music and literature were my mother's weapons against excuses, which she refused to accept. "Most often," she said, "You get what you give."</b></i></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1577170946/ref=as_li_qf_sp_asin_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=211189&creative=373489&creativeASIN=1577170946&link_code=as3&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.1429px;" target="_blank"><b>Auguste Rodin: </b></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">I searched the Internet and could not find a copy of the Rodin book my mother gave me all those years ago. Perhaps the book is out of print. But I found some other interesting selections devoted to Rodin and others that trace art history</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> f<span style="background-color: white; text-align: start;">rom the Renaissance to Rodin and the birth of modern art.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Over the years, my mother's interests and book collections changed and I do not know what happened to the book about Rodin that she made me read. The book was probably not responsible for getting me a college scholarship or even getting me through Texas A&M University's Department of Journalism and Broadcast Communications. But m</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">y mother knew </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rodin would have an influence on me at a time when I needed it most. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVaCIATyPc4ZtL8LWJlHf1MMICtCz4AsyHMw_3stc3fLOVIstdgneJCNC1ee5MSnP-xyHGdfiKXNEc36ohMzpz7NutFHZ_M6XHi7tzUcHB6p8xHr6ZjqX7WY0eYZiyCqW7heYpmuAb4WPx/s1600/Nash+5.jpg" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sunny Nash Author of Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVaCIATyPc4ZtL8LWJlHf1MMICtCz4AsyHMw_3stc3fLOVIstdgneJCNC1ee5MSnP-xyHGdfiKXNEc36ohMzpz7NutFHZ_M6XHi7tzUcHB6p8xHr6ZjqX7WY0eYZiyCqW7heYpmuAb4WPx/s200/Nash+5.jpg" title="Sunny Nash Author-Journalist" width="150" /></a></div>
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<b><i>Sunny Nash<br />Author-Journalist</i></b></div>
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<span><span face=""arial" , sans-serif"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sunny Nash, </span>former nationally syndicated newspaper columnist, is the author of<em><b> </b></em><em><span style="font-style: normal;">a nonfiction book </span></em>about life before and during the Civil Rights Movement with her part-Comanche grandmother, </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Bigmama-Didnt-Shop-at-Woolworths/dp/0890967164"><span face=""arial" , sans-serif">Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s</span></a><span face=""arial" , sans-serif">, selected by the American Association of University Presses as a Book for Understanding U.S. Race Relations, and recommended by the Miami-Dade (Florida) Public Library System for Native American Collections.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Sunny Nash is an award winning writer and three-time winner of </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Arts Council for Long Beach Professional Artist Fellowship Awards: 2003, 2009 and 2014. Her most recent </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Arts Council for Long Beach award is a 2016 mini-grant for cultural heritage preservation programs, <i style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2017/04/arts-council-for-long-beach-awards.html" target="_blank">How a Child Build Legacy</a></i>, designed to encourage young students to prepare archives of their accomplishments and plan for their future achievements.</span></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "sans-serif""><span>Sunny Nash earned a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism & Mass Communication, Texas A&M University; Postgraduate Media Studies Certificate, Cronkite School of Journalism & Mass Communications, Arizona State University; Postgraduate Diploma, Instructional Technology, University of California, San Diego; Constitution Studies, James Madison’s Montpelier Center for the Constitution; and Postgraduate Digital Literacy Certificate, Simmons College Graduate School of Library & Information Science, Boston. Sunny Nash’s international studies include Intellectual Property Law, World Intellectual Property Organization Academy, Geneva, Switzerland; Diplomacy, Culture and Communication, United Nations; Research Methodology, Digital Preservation, Online Archival Information Systems, University of London; and Archival Data Governance, National Archives of Australia, Melbourne. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-52563080070618656142017-06-09T20:01:00.000-07:002019-06-29T14:51:06.668-07:00The Japanese Way of Tea & My Global Education<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">Global Education Is Global Understanding</span></i></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4gP7Dha3a8sv0_ZpYyhd3EVksErAEQuCrMpH3YDUUAzukQhYtezqyReoQacRf6zcKCJ_HYIpQC58ScY8orGwEyDZvliQMZ3gDDPsNQW4FyMu2iYGzFgv9OAVy9LPktTAJntbt52FBQ6I/s1600/Blue+Willow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times";"><img alt="China Tea Set" border="0" height="145" nba="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4gP7Dha3a8sv0_ZpYyhd3EVksErAEQuCrMpH3YDUUAzukQhYtezqyReoQacRf6zcKCJ_HYIpQC58ScY8orGwEyDZvliQMZ3gDDPsNQW4FyMu2iYGzFgv9OAVy9LPktTAJntbt52FBQ6I/s200/Blue+Willow.jpg" title="China Tea Set" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">When I was six, my mother bought me a miniature China Tea Set</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">--cups, saucers and teapot--made of matching imported China, unlike the unmatched China sets we used at our mealtime. When I opened the China tea set, I loved the look and feel of the cool smooth surface, but as my fingers glided over it, I had no idea of its significance to my life and the value it would be to my mother's homeschooling plans--my global education, a college scholarship and professional success.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Rosa Parks Booking Photo<br />Montgomery Bus Boycott</b></span></td></tr>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times";">The year I received the China tea set was </span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times";">1955, </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times";">the year Rosa Parks went to jail for starting the Montgomery Bus Boycott</span></span><span style="font-family: "times";">.</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> </span></i></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times";">At the age of six, I was vaguely aware of Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. I did not hear of the civil rights activists or the Civil Rights Movement from teachers in my segregated school. My teachers seemed wary of such discussions. I later learned from my parents that the teachers may have been warned not to talk about the </span></span><span style="font-family: "times";">Civil Rights Movement for fear that they may start trouble among the student body.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times";">I learned about </span><span style="font-family: "times";">Jim Crow laws, the</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times";">Civil Rights Movement</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> and the names of civil rights activists like Rosa Parks from hearing their names in conversations between my mother, father and Bigmama when they talked about current events like the Montgomery Bus Boycott and </span><em style="font-family: Times;">Brown v the Board of Education</em><span style="font-family: "times";">. </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvKI4Ov3nC_2Rt4jg7EztTzV5HolTDvkEQ7dhdrouZr2e-ZC3-HBrNS-hVS56MuHNZ9UqSBhp6x-r7bTclam2kaM39OjTPEhJh1Sb7VI6Cd-9gpTUij0YjaMuZo1Y54cYrPfmCFgWWfBUI/s1600/rosa+parks+professional.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Rosa Parks Anti-Rape Activist" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvKI4Ov3nC_2Rt4jg7EztTzV5HolTDvkEQ7dhdrouZr2e-ZC3-HBrNS-hVS56MuHNZ9UqSBhp6x-r7bTclam2kaM39OjTPEhJh1Sb7VI6Cd-9gpTUij0YjaMuZo1Y54cYrPfmCFgWWfBUI/s200/rosa+parks+professional.jpg" title="Rosa Parks Anti-Rape Activist" width="150" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Rosa Parks<br />Anti-Rape Activist</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">At the time, though, they probably had no idea of Rosa Parks' involvement in the </span><span style="font-family: "times";">protection of black women from rape and lynching<b> </b>from the ills of Jim Crow laws and tradition in the South</span><span style="font-family: "times";">. I didn't fully understand what Jim Crow laws were until much later in my life. I just knew they were bad for black people and people who were not white. This was confusing to me at times because none of the relatives I knew personally were white, though there was talk in the family about them. And many relatives I knew did not look black. I was too young to know the difference.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times";"><br /></span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: "times";">When I was six, I knew Rosa Parks and Dr. Martin Luther King had something to do with fighting Jim Crow laws during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jim Crow laws affected everything about our lives and the schools I attended until I graduated from high school; and later getting into a college of my choice. But Jim Crow laws did not affect the global education my mother presented to me with my toy China tea set and other tools</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, such as an erector set for building structures I imagined. She also discovered meditation,</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> which </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">she adapted to her global education. </span></span><br />
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My mother would use that China tea set to teach me about a world outside of </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jim Crow</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, under which my ancestors had lived for nearly a century at that time and my family would live for years to come.</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">When</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I saw my mother sitting on the porch staring into the distance, almost trance-like, I knew she was in meditation upon something beautiful or strange or realizable. I learned later that the something she was in meditation upon was me. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Living within the circumstances of</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">Jim Crow laws</span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">did not give a person an excuse to do less than the best they could offer, my mother always told me. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Even the house you live in," she said. "Make it a home. Make your home the best home you can. Organize it. Keep it immaculate. Decorate it. It's where you live. Respect where you live. Take care of your home and it will take care of you; shelter you, nurture you, be standing when you need it!" </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My mother understood what I needed to hear and gave freely and loudly. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">From primary school through college education with a lot of homeschooling in between, my mother yelled her demands and threatened me if I did not do the work. And she never complimented me unless I had shown extraordinary skill at something. There were no gold stars for mere participation.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"We will find a way of paying for college," she said. "But you have to try to get a college scholarship to help out. If you don't study in high school with college in mine, I don't know if we should strain to pay for college. Maybe you won't study in college and our money will be wasted. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Maybe you're not college material. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">But I won't hold that against you, even though I was smart enough to go to college and would have gone if I had had the chance when I graduated from high school.</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"</span><br />
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<i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Learning to accept and appreciate differences in people is</i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i> global education.</i></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My mother accepted the way other people lived, even if she didn't approve of their lifestyle. "I do not expect others to let me tell them what to think or how to live," my mother said. "Listen but make your own decision based on what you know. And do not follow or be bullied into going into a certain direction just because others do. Do not be afraid of thinking for yourself. And, likewise, do not bully others into thinking like you." </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Like you're doing me now, I thought, but had sense enough not to say it out loud.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My mother encouraged me to learn another language. She had learned Spanish when she began her supervisory career in food services and wanted to teach me Spanish so that she could practice her language skills before going off to work and giving orders. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Momoyama period (1573–1615),<br /> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;">Metropolitan Museum, New York</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In one of our many reference books my mother had purchased over the years, she found items about </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the Japanese event, <em><b>The Way of Tea</b>.</em> </span>Sasaki Sanmi<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">is, </span></span>born in 1893 in Kyoto, wrote t<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">he </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";">original Japanese classic, </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><em style="font-weight: bold;">Sado-saijiki</em>, which was translated into English in 1960. My mother found translations, which </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">cover Japanese tea tradition throughout the calendar year with descriptions, poetry and <b><i>The Way of Tea: Reflections</i></b></span></span>. She was fascinated by all of this tradition and ceremony, perhaps because so much of her African and Native American traditions were a mystery to her.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Admitting to me that she was probably not saying the words correctly, my mother still enjoyed trying to pronounce of the names and words describing the ceremonies. "I would love to learn to speak Japanese," she said. "That way, I would have a better understanding of these rules of the tea. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Eastern languages are very different from English and Spanish," she said. "It wouldn't hurt, though, if you learned Spanish."</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times";">Using my little toy tea set, my mother taught me about the world's fascination with tea, tea traditions, world economies built around tea and legitimate historical political movements named for the beverage, including the Boston Tea Party, one event leading to the American Revolution. </span><span style="font-family: times; text-align: left;">From 1775 to 1783, the Founding Fathers, delegates to the Constitutional Convention, along with the other of their kind, had witnessed America's victory in the American Revolutionary War against Great Britain. Jim Crow laws were not far behind.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times";">My mother</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> especially loved the Japanese ceremonies, but she taught me about all tea traditions and the people who created them.</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Traditionally, powdered green tea is used in the Chanoyu, Japanese Tea Ceremony. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Matcha ceremonial-grade tea is different from other green and black teas brewed from dried flakes of loose tea leaves or tea leaves manufactured into tea bags. Loose tea leaves or those in tea bags are steeped in hot water and then discarded. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The ceremonial tea is ground to a fine power that is made to dissolve in water, which preserves its essence, making its consumption more potent and effective than tea leaves. Although we didn't have the real Japanese tea, we used the tea my mother could afford and the tea she could find. Then, we substituted what we had and pretended. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It is said that using the powdered green tea within the rules of the ceremony makes the five human senses most acute, encouraging high mental concentration, emotional calm and mental composure. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My mother and I did not have the powdered green tea for our tea celebrations, but we read about the power of the tea when certain rituals were performed in conjunction with its consumption. This thinking was certainly parallel to my mother's thinking, in that, it led to control of one's behavior through control of one's own mind. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Thinking about something is good," my mother told me. "But thinking deeply about something is better." She explained that thinking deeply means rolling it over again and again in my brain and examining thoroughly what was being thought about, not to come up with a better answer, but to come up with a better understanding of the answer. That was meditation, the same thing I had seen her doing so many times.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Of course, my mother and I did not have Japanese, Chinese, English or any other exotic tea. We used Lipton Tea because it was cheap and available at the corner store. We emptied the tea leaves into the little tea pot of my China tea set<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=sunnas-20&l=as2&o=1&a=B000VIGF0A" style="border: medium none; margin: 0px;" width="1" />.</span> My mother said the loose leaves made a stronger brew. I didn't really like the taste of hot tea, but I sipped it with my mother--our pinkies pointed toward the sky--because she said I should know about such things. Then, I hosted pretend tea parties for my young cousins and friends. But I didn't bore them with what my mother and I had read about tea, since my friends and I were only drinking pretend tea, not even Lipton, just tap water.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"You can find meaning where there seems to be none," my mother said. "People have been doing that throughout time. Whatever you're doing, do it the best you can. Give it your full concentration. Challenge yourself with every little thing that comes your way; think of them as opportunities. Do all you can with whatever it is that you have or that you are doing." </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My mother made ordinary things, like sipping a cup of tea, into something special. Finding meaning in the simplest of things, she taught me how to make my life rich without reference to money.</span><span style="font-family: "times";"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times";">"What does all of this tea talk have to do with me," I asked, watching my mother prepare my lesson. "Japanese tea ceremonies have nothing to do with us."</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times";">My mother saw differently, though. </span><span style="font-family: "times";"><span style="font-family: "times";">"You're wrong," she said. "We are everybody. </span>To learn about us, you must learn about all people. If you leave someone out of your study, you leave out part of your."</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial";"><strong>~~~~~~~~ My Mother ~~~~~~~~</strong></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Littie Nash was one of the great global thinkers. She did not waste compliments on me. She reserved accolades to celebrate real accomplishments, not just because I dragged myself out of bed before noon on Saturday or because I made an 'A' on my report card. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;"><b><i>"Some things you have to do," my mother said. "And those things pass, not without notice, but without an all-day hullabaloo."</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">To support me, my mother sponsored my piano, ballet, tennis and swimming lessons, dance performances, recitals, literary and classical music club memberships, summer camps, out-of-state vacations, school trips and science fair exhibits, still managing to squeeze out of our tight budget money for the dentist to install braces on my teeth.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">It took a great deal of courage and imagination during the era of Jim Crow laws for my mother to give me what she thought I needed. Jobs for African Americans were scarce and good jobs were mostly nonexistent for them. Black men were economically and politically marginalized and black women were publicly disrespected on a routine basis.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJaNjiDDWVq3cMi3odjOzi5-50blsWwBF8kmTGr4-RsTuiwvTgBOFw2CDYPYEIN7b6ZALThoneAsfsJ2XLyF0y8bc0vZqUWb2teTzixlu66hBiRMIkisWshUl0vvczJ3Gy0q55Yrq3zM/s1600/Bigmama+Cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: black; clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s Sunny Nash" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJaNjiDDWVq3cMi3odjOzi5-50blsWwBF8kmTGr4-RsTuiwvTgBOFw2CDYPYEIN7b6ZALThoneAsfsJ2XLyF0y8bc0vZqUWb2teTzixlu66hBiRMIkisWshUl0vvczJ3Gy0q55Yrq3zM/s200/Bigmama+Cover.jpg" title="Sunny Nash author Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s " width="211" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">Bigmama Didn’t Shop </a></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">At Woolworth’s </a></i></b></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">Sunny Nash</a></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Bigmama Didn't Shop </span></b></a></div>
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<b style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911;" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">at Woolworth's</span></a></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Bigmama Didn't Shop </span></b></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">at Woolworth's</span></b></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">n the 1990s, I wrote columns for Hearst and Knight-Ridder newspapers--stories from my childhood with my part-Comanche grandmother during the Civil Rights Movement. Texas A&M University published a collection of the stories about which </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Robin Fruble of Southern California said:</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>"Every white person in America should read this book! Sunny Nash writes the story of her childhood without preaching or ranting but she made me realize for the first time just how much skin color changes how one experiences the world. But if your skin color is brown, it matters a great deal to</i></span><i> a great number of people. I needed to learn that. Sunny Nash is a great teacher," Fruble said.</i></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sunny Nash is an author, producer, photographer and leading writer on U.S. race relations. She writes books, blogs, articles and reviews, and produces media and images on U.S. history and contemporary American topics, ranging from Jim Crow laws to social media networking. Sunny Nash is the author of Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's (Texas A&M University Press), about life with her part-Comanche grandmother during the Civil Rights Movement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sunny Nash’s book is recognized by the Association of American University Presses as essential for understanding U.S. race relations. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nash's book is also listed in the Bibliographic Guide for black studies at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York; and recommended for Native American collections by the Miami-Dade Public Library System in Florida. Nash uses her book to write articles and blogs on race relations in America through topics relating to her life--from music, film, early radio and television, entertainment, social media, Internet technology, publishing, journalism, sports, education, employment, the military, fashion, performing arts, literature, women's issues, adolescence and childhood, equal rights, social and political movements--past and present—to today's post-racism.</span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-59522338106117827612017-04-12T16:33:00.003-07:002017-04-18T10:31:17.359-07:00Arts Council for Long Beach Awards Sunny Nash for Inspiring Students<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipncR2zx1zfWR5KBvCa2-HKMAhyphenhyphenIsw8Nc8RHfPqFyjiaaq2i86UNaci5tmm_X1atTaQwF0f_8aZ87PJ1InOjXpxyPMXekKP_1k5eMvwd4UV_k0HaMfhujDCwaOYBryIDXZBkzW-6VmSQk4/s1600/Sunny+Nash+Explaining+Exhibit+edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sunny Nash’s innovative approach to personal empowerment--How a Child Builds Legacy--is a program to guide young students to think of their potential contributions to family, neighborhood, society and humanity. " border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipncR2zx1zfWR5KBvCa2-HKMAhyphenhyphenIsw8Nc8RHfPqFyjiaaq2i86UNaci5tmm_X1atTaQwF0f_8aZ87PJ1InOjXpxyPMXekKP_1k5eMvwd4UV_k0HaMfhujDCwaOYBryIDXZBkzW-6VmSQk4/s320/Sunny+Nash+Explaining+Exhibit+edited.jpg" title="Sunny Nash’s innovative approach to personal empowerment--How a Child Builds Legacy" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Photo by Victor Ladd </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">©</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2017) </span><b><i><br />Sunny Nash and Bobbie Smith Elementary Students</i></b><br />
<b><i>Viewing Nash's Historical Artifacts</i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">Sunny Nash’s innovative approach to personal empowerment--</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; text-align: left;">How a Child Builds Legacy<span style="font-weight: normal;">--</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">is a cultural heritage preservation program that guides young students to think of their potential contributions to family, neighborhood, society and humanity. </span></i></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">In addition to this </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Arts Council for Long Beach (</span>ACLB<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">) </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">g</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">rant, </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sunny Nash is a three-time winner of </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ACLB</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Professional Artist Fellowships (2003, 2009 and 2014).</span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">"Cultural heritage preservation is another way of saying: Saving the story of you, which becomes your legacy. What I want to show you today are a few things to do to build your legacy," </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; letter-spacing: normal; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Sunny Nash told the students at Bobbie Smith Elementary School</span>.</i> </h4>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“My legacy began with my earliest realizations that I exist," </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nash said. W</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">hen I was quite young, about your ages, I developed the desire to leave my mark for kids in the future like you to understand how my family lived and what we did in our lives. I wanted to save my family's legacy to show how individual choices can make a difference to a family; and how collective family choices to educate themselves and live by certain principles can make a difference to society.”</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyz4xDP5aYdDtmzL09Hpohhkx1FgfgadtdJT7O7H5IHe4B7rP9BP56gIzeO4RkcCBpSv9pNmkqfe1TbrJ2ruL9IHmC5iepQ4T0hnVBkLuYcEm2begoFahFfoEP169r9mr1BgikWW1L50ef/s1600/Sunny+Nash+Talking+to+Students+edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sunny Nash Talking to Students about Legacy" border="0" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyz4xDP5aYdDtmzL09Hpohhkx1FgfgadtdJT7O7H5IHe4B7rP9BP56gIzeO4RkcCBpSv9pNmkqfe1TbrJ2ruL9IHmC5iepQ4T0hnVBkLuYcEm2begoFahFfoEP169r9mr1BgikWW1L50ef/s200/Sunny+Nash+Talking+to+Students+edited.jpg" title="Sunny Nash Talking to Students about Legacy" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Photo by Victor Ladd </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">©</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2017) </span><b><i><br />Sunny Nash <br />Talking to Students about Legacy</i></b></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><u>How a Child Builds Legacy Sponsors</u> </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Arts Council for Long Beach</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">City of Long Beach</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Cultural Alliance Long Beach</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Building Future Leaders</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Educator Alta Cooke</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Community Activist Carolyn Smith Watts</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Robin Perry & Associates</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sunny Nash created </span><b style="font-style: italic;">How a Child Builds </b></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; text-align: center;"><b style="font-style: italic;">Legacy</b>--</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; text-align: center;">an exhibition of family artifacts, published journalism, interactive student discussions, guest speakers and a </span><i style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; text-align: center;">Time Capsule</i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; text-align: center;">--as a model for </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; text-align: left;">students understand the control they possess over the direction of their own lives and to assume responsibility for what their legacy will become. </span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx4dCwxJjZXNrKkd2N-Ko13ht95Nyond58GpHmkzuqxNgyKJCWPGALzlIJUsYH5D-aRqZtbm0I3APjF7qe4XeKcrr6HaW74W8fQ9X7kd-lHPiUFSc1x6HQbHiDaZVwNPEMwcYLuXE6SS2-/s1600/LN+Certificate+Layout.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="219" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhx4dCwxJjZXNrKkd2N-Ko13ht95Nyond58GpHmkzuqxNgyKJCWPGALzlIJUsYH5D-aRqZtbm0I3APjF7qe4XeKcrr6HaW74W8fQ9X7kd-lHPiUFSc1x6HQbHiDaZVwNPEMwcYLuXE6SS2-/s320/LN+Certificate+Layout.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Photo by Sunny Nash </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">©</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2017)</span><b><i><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />Educational Achievements of Littie Nash </span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sunny Nash's Mother</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; text-align: left;">The exhibition highlights Nash's family accomplishments earned before and during the Civil Rights Movement. </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Sharing civil rights history behind those accomplishments helps students realize: </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>I<b>f those people can do all that, maybe I can do something, too.</b></i></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj94CKTi2KOXsa46jjksc6CdvMx2eeSBcLQ78z1mIwiSPyKF0flRRfGpkZJ1e09ArKr67PNQ91-SFW-MDmmmBzqpL7nMAXaeJLAiYJKLsUJB58uzNIH8OnKhgB98unIMp1n_CbClVpamoK_/s1600/Students+Looking+at+Exhibit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj94CKTi2KOXsa46jjksc6CdvMx2eeSBcLQ78z1mIwiSPyKF0flRRfGpkZJ1e09ArKr67PNQ91-SFW-MDmmmBzqpL7nMAXaeJLAiYJKLsUJB58uzNIH8OnKhgB98unIMp1n_CbClVpamoK_/s320/Students+Looking+at+Exhibit.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Photo by Sunny Nash </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">©</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2017)</span><br />
<b><i>Bobbie Smith Elementary Students <br />Viewing Sunny Nash's Published Journalism</i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"I was impressed with the students' knowledge of Civil Rights and American History," Nash said. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"When knowledge of the past and the opportunity to imagine themselves beyond their immediate circumstances, students can experience positive changes in the way they see their future," Nash said. "</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Knowledge makes it easier for them to put their lives into a larger historical context and to </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">place themselves into the American story</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">."</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_vzlrLSYqAEaEYvJdvqSB2TH63JZU-AibRSIwxMwRIQoEPPuTeWtcMzK2VaRllng9ns6SuudXbNVKGrNzm_JHfoGVNXTyvHbWCB_0SfGq7JuGHf4gdK9hcGEk_YrGgsFWLFcBsMmEm-S4/s1600/Pop%2527s+Military+Exhibit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_vzlrLSYqAEaEYvJdvqSB2TH63JZU-AibRSIwxMwRIQoEPPuTeWtcMzK2VaRllng9ns6SuudXbNVKGrNzm_JHfoGVNXTyvHbWCB_0SfGq7JuGHf4gdK9hcGEk_YrGgsFWLFcBsMmEm-S4/s320/Pop%2527s+Military+Exhibit.jpg" width="258" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Photo by Sunny Nash </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">©</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2017)</span><br />
<b style="font-size: 12.8px;"><i><span style="font-size: x-small;">Military Achievements of James Nash</span></i></b><br />
<b style="font-size: 12.8px;"><i><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Sunny Nash's Father</span></i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Nash's program is not just "old school." She told students how to use technology in the legacy building process, such as cellphone video and images, which she uses to produce and collect artifacts and exhibit pieces. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">"If I take pictures, video and audio with a cellphone," Nash told the children. "I download my digital files and save them in a retrievable format as soon as possible. Suppose something happens to the phone? The backup feature of the service does not preserve the highest quality image, which means your original is lost if you do not take action to save it from the device." </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPEWZP1fK7p6mtPqY4H79xOngAOUPB52sVKnSo26mWWEz5kN-S2uTz5npJJYYKuhlCNrQAdZh1uRHgixF_RMonv0mn3UVuFD4c1WOYpVwLyr5vgbHj7Qoq6VP5kXqLJ_gEgKp-T5hSHR8R/s1600/Boys+Looking+at+Exhibit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPEWZP1fK7p6mtPqY4H79xOngAOUPB52sVKnSo26mWWEz5kN-S2uTz5npJJYYKuhlCNrQAdZh1uRHgixF_RMonv0mn3UVuFD4c1WOYpVwLyr5vgbHj7Qoq6VP5kXqLJ_gEgKp-T5hSHR8R/s320/Boys+Looking+at+Exhibit.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Photo by Sunny Nash </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">©</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2017)</span><br />
<b style="font-size: 12.8px;"><i>Bobbie Smith Elementary Students<br />Viewing Sunny Nash's Published Journalism</i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">For creating </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">and preserving </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">a lasting archive, </span>Nash does not recommend public sharing on social media and free cloud storage</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">. She said those options save images in fairly low resolution, making reproduction and printing low quality. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">"And what happens to your pictures and movies if the service experiences a glitch or service goes out of business?" She asked students. "To produce the highest quality for later use, save your archive to a device or drive, such as a flash drive or an external hard drive you can connect to a device. Digitizing my photo files at high quality allowed me to print my images and share them with you today."</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">"However, if public, cloud or social media archiving and storage are all you have," Nash said. "That's all you have. And some means of preserving the data is better than no means of preserving the data."</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGIvQtcXZjEYkdsGYRx8CbJi7oY6KdVTPdYdZ-e_kW4vfyP2fRDmlOQloeVr8Mx6ikSzXMXVlACe0oqQjC0uuHvNqaJkRbYqWkzu5VXSnAp5HljjSEWzOwJohLioVnUoTZgTJQCpKjBhqp/s1600/Sunny+Nash+%2526+Student+Activity+edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img alt="Sunny Nash is a three-time winner of Arts Council for Long Beach (ACLB) Professional Artist Fellowship Awards: 2003, 2009 and 2014" border="0" height="287" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGIvQtcXZjEYkdsGYRx8CbJi7oY6KdVTPdYdZ-e_kW4vfyP2fRDmlOQloeVr8Mx6ikSzXMXVlACe0oqQjC0uuHvNqaJkRbYqWkzu5VXSnAp5HljjSEWzOwJohLioVnUoTZgTJQCpKjBhqp/s320/Sunny+Nash+%2526+Student+Activity+edited.jpg" title="After seeing Sunny Nash’s Legacy, students contribute their own Legacy aspirations to Time Capsule" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Photo by Victor Ladd </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">©</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2017) </span></div>
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<b><i>After seeing Sunny Nash’s Legacy, </i></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><i>students contribute their own Legacy aspirations </i></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal">
<b><i>to Time Capsule</i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">“I want children to lift
their vision,” said Nash, who conducted after school classical </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3G4N92bsFVg"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">music and literature programs</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"> for Long Beach Unified
School District 2005-08. “I like sharing memories from my
childhood, which I wrote as a syndicated newspaper column, published as a book, now part of my personal legacy.”</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: left;">While c</span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">elebrating the anniversary of the naming of Bobbie Smith Elementary School </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">in Long Beach, California, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;">students </span>start building legacy with Nash's <i>Time Capsule</i>, for which they wrote and placed inside the capsule how they want to be remembered by future generations. </span></span><br />
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><i>The Time Capsule is a gift from Bobby Smith to the students, who will decide when the Time Capsule is opened.</i></span></span></h4>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS1Q00vSmrAXbLmUKX48UjCURcKiSEU7pZsjXjEfR6q5ySGAXLv48kEvGYMmNnzJ-hEZDLb2Lc6G_VPXkyb-YQF-tigowMLjuUNsJGpsI4-PHEAo4RstVecJZd4flMMawLSM4C1OhtnckB/s1600/Bobbie+Smith+%2526+Monica+Alas+edited.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS1Q00vSmrAXbLmUKX48UjCURcKiSEU7pZsjXjEfR6q5ySGAXLv48kEvGYMmNnzJ-hEZDLb2Lc6G_VPXkyb-YQF-tigowMLjuUNsJGpsI4-PHEAo4RstVecJZd4flMMawLSM4C1OhtnckB/s320/Bobbie+Smith+%2526+Monica+Alas+edited.jpg" width="313" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Photo by Victor Ladd </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">©</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2017)</span></div>
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<b><i>Bobbie Smith Presents Time Capsule </i></b></div>
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<b><i>To Principal,
Monica Alas<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Bobbie Smith, for whom Smith Elementary is named, said, “I am very pleased to have Sunny Nash present her work and interact with students at Smith Elementary. I have known and worked with Sunny on many projects through the years and appreciate her dedication to contribute to the culture of Long Beach.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Monica Alas, Smith Elementary Principal, said, “Mrs. Bobbie Smith has been a role model to students since the school was re-named in December of 2015. Her partnership with Sunny Nash benefits our students with the exhibition highlighting authentic published journal entries and unique art collection.”</span><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/tPA1pl_R4iI/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/tPA1pl_R4iI?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i>Bobbie Smith makes frequent appearances </i></b></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b><i>at Bobbie Smith Elementary School in Long Beach, California</i></b></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh602QukYKlA8XS7AmJVohySRFB_eRf-_3UDJGhQhHiJPqNeXF1f2lJZQNEVyoAq9luyzCePxdCW10e7De_BNk6S5WvDDxgtxvIPbvYY1WtrksyAGeg95zp_ozOwOF4BuH3VUsqPQMs-gVv/s1600/Monica+Alas+%2526+Alta+Cooke+edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh602QukYKlA8XS7AmJVohySRFB_eRf-_3UDJGhQhHiJPqNeXF1f2lJZQNEVyoAq9luyzCePxdCW10e7De_BNk6S5WvDDxgtxvIPbvYY1WtrksyAGeg95zp_ozOwOF4BuH3VUsqPQMs-gVv/s320/Monica+Alas+%2526+Alta+Cooke+edited.jpg" width="312" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Photo by Victor Ladd </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">©</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2017) </span><br />
<b><i>Principal Monica Alas Thanks Guest Speaker and <br />former colleague of Bobbie Smith for her support<br />and participation</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Alta Cooke, first African American High School Principal in Long Beach <i>(Jordan)</i>, delivered a six-point speech on legacy building to Smith Elementary School students. "I want students to fulfill a positive image of self," Cooke said. "That image ultimately shines from within, and programs like Sunny's will help students develop their inner image."</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Using her exhibit, Nash encourages students to preserve digital data, daily journals, artwork, report cards, awards, memorabilia, photographs and keepsakes to create a record of their lives. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Emphasizing academic commitment and continued scholarship, Nash shares with students how her interest in preservation while in elementary school evolved into a journalism career, became her tool for contributing to national and global conversations and won awards for Cultural Heritage Preservation Programs.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“The concept Sunny Nash is presenting to the students is a good fit for what our organization promotes,” said Keith Lilly of Building Future Leaders. “Students need to learn ways they can become involved in preserving their heritage. It’s a lesson about life.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 11pt;">”</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrvCCYXMKpYMpy-4xe8z6d2W3FA4GCp_vE9wj3j6LlR_7-QR1qOpG2FU0WHtiEK3ckwnRxRK9cjieBvyDgef9D9TK3DBCkaC-nbjohDQpLW6DmA-kTnh0gr-aWBzAxytouq2arteEBxJGk/s1600/Sunny+Nash+Explaining+Exhibit+3+edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="273" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrvCCYXMKpYMpy-4xe8z6d2W3FA4GCp_vE9wj3j6LlR_7-QR1qOpG2FU0WHtiEK3ckwnRxRK9cjieBvyDgef9D9TK3DBCkaC-nbjohDQpLW6DmA-kTnh0gr-aWBzAxytouq2arteEBxJGk/s320/Sunny+Nash+Explaining+Exhibit+3+edited.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Photo by Victor Ladd </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">©</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2017) </span><br />
<b><i>Sunny Nash pointing out artifacts from her own Legacy<br />To help students understand how to build their own</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">“Cultural Alliance Long Beach (CALB) supports universal concepts of art, as more than traditional forms of creative expression,” said Victor Ladd, CALB Vice President. “Art embraces traditional forms, as well as the preservation of expressions of cultural heritage, which Sunny Nash demonstrates in her presentation to Long Beach students.”</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nash displayed a collection of family artifacts belonging to her parents and grandparents, and a selection of newspaper columns she wrote about life with her part-Comanche grandmother before and during the Civil Rights Movement. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLE5tQu1KDvh5TUfoK5QZixGII4pA7U4he18Z1d1hnSjqvXHpNI9HtygRZT2ct4hjhyLD-tSH1TwkA9jVycL8qHhT8biW7HK8x33wn2-6eRGapW6nZ_AKDinDP-hwjclpa5xY7rcmIDz_k/s1600/Sunny+Nash+Explaining+Exhibit+2+edited.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="289" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLE5tQu1KDvh5TUfoK5QZixGII4pA7U4he18Z1d1hnSjqvXHpNI9HtygRZT2ct4hjhyLD-tSH1TwkA9jVycL8qHhT8biW7HK8x33wn2-6eRGapW6nZ_AKDinDP-hwjclpa5xY7rcmIDz_k/s320/Sunny+Nash+Explaining+Exhibit+2+edited.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(Photo by Victor Ladd </span><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">©</span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> 2017)</span><b><i><br />Sunny Nash and Students <br />View Her Published Journalism</i></b></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The newspaper columns were published originally in the <i>State Lines </i>section of <i>Texas Magazine</i> in <u>The Houston Chronicle</u> (</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><i>Sunday Edition</i>)</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. The column and other articles Nash authored were syndicated nationally in Hearst and Knight-</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Ridder papers</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Selections from Nash's newspaper columns were collected into her book, </span><em><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Bigmama-Didnt-Shop-at-Woolworths/dp/0890967164">Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s</a></span></b></em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, recognized by the Association of American University Presses as a book for understanding U.S. race relations, and recommended by Miami-Dade Public Library System for Native American Collections. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Nash previewed a portion of the </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-style: italic;"><b style="font-style: italic;">How a Child Builds </b></span></span></span><i style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><b>Legacy </b></i><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">exhibition at the</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span>Khmer Parent Association Mother Daughter Conference</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">, where her efforts were honored with a </span><b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2017/03/sunny-nash-honored-by-california-senate.html">California State Senate Citation by Senator Ricardo Lara</a></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"> and a </span><b style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2017/03/sunny-nash-honored-pearce-award.html">Jeannine Pearce Award</a></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">.</span></div>
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<pre style='text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:"Arial Black","sans-serif"'>Cultural Heritage Preservation<o:p></o:p></span></b></pre>
<pre
style='text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:
"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></pre>
<pre
style='text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:
"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"'>Saving the Past …<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></pre>
<pre
style='text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:
"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"'>For the Sake of the Future<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></pre>
<pre
style='text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:
"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></i></b></pre>
<pre
style='text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial Black","sans-serif"'>LINKS<o:p></o:p></span></b></pre>
<pre
style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:2.0pt;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre>
<pre
style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"'><a
href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2rMaE-7mzYrZFZMZ3FlWDk2cTA/view?usp=sharing"><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>Cultural Alliance Long Beach</span></b><span
style='mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'> Sponsors <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:
normal'>How a Child Builds Legacy </i>by Sunny Nash</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></pre>
<pre
style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:4.0pt;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre>
<pre
style='text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif"'><a
href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2rMaE-7mzYranhPcGZsWUFfNFU/view"><span
style='mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>ACLB Micro-grant Announcements</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></pre>
<pre
style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:4.0pt;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";
mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre>
<h1 align=center style='text-align:center;background:#F9F7F5'>
<span
style='font-size:8.0pt'><a
href="https://sunnynashpressroom.wordpress.com/2016/10/04/sunny-nash-wins-grant-to-present-school-cultural-heritage-program/"><b
style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Sunny Nash Wins Grant to Present </b>School
Cultural Heritage Program</a><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 align=center style='text-align:center;background:white'>
<span
style='font-size:4.0pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<h1 align=center style='text-align:center;background:white'>
<span
style='font-size:8.0pt'><a
href="http://ezinearticles.com/?Digital-File-Backup,-Records-Management-and-Archival-Preservation&id=9494539"><b>Digital
File Backup, Records</b><span style='mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'> Management
and Archival Preservation</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<pre style='text-align:center'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-size:6.0pt;font-family:"Arial Narrow","sans-serif";mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></pre>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'>TO SUPPORT
Email: <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><a
href="mailto:snash@earthlink.net">snash@earthlink.net</a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal align=center style='margin-bottom:0in;margin-bottom:
.0001pt;text-align:center;line-height:normal'>
<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
normal'><span style='font-size:4.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
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<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">“<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-style: italic;"><b style="font-style: italic;">How a Child Builds </b></span></span></span><i style="text-align: center;"><b>Legacy</b></i> provides tools we all need to assert control over our
environment--our lives, our legacy--to determine how we want to live and to be remembered,” Nash said. “Don’t all
human beings deserve a chance to use tools that help them find meaning in life?” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><b><i>Sunny Nash<br />Author-Journalist</i></b></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJaNjiDDWVq3cMi3odjOzi5-50blsWwBF8kmTGr4-RsTuiwvTgBOFw2CDYPYEIN7b6ZALThoneAsfsJ2XLyF0y8bc0vZqUWb2teTzixlu66hBiRMIkisWshUl0vvczJ3Gy0q55Yrq3zM/s1600/Bigmama+Cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: black; clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s Sunny Nash" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJaNjiDDWVq3cMi3odjOzi5-50blsWwBF8kmTGr4-RsTuiwvTgBOFw2CDYPYEIN7b6ZALThoneAsfsJ2XLyF0y8bc0vZqUWb2teTzixlu66hBiRMIkisWshUl0vvczJ3Gy0q55Yrq3zM/s200/Bigmama+Cover.jpg" title="Sunny Nash author Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s " width="132" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">Bigmama Didn’t Shop </a></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">At Woolworth’s </a></i></b></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">Sunny Nash</a></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b style="background-color: white;">Bigmama Didn't Shop </b></a></div>
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<b style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911;" target="_blank">at Woolworth's</a></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b style="background-color: white;">Bigmama Didn't Shop </b></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b style="background-color: white;">at Woolworth's</b></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Sunny Nash, former nationally syndicated newspaper columnist, is the author of<em><b> </b></em><em><span style="font-style: normal;">a nonfiction book </span></em>about life before and during the Civil Rights Movement with her part-Comanche grandmother, </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Bigmama-Didnt-Shop-at-Woolworths/dp/0890967164"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">, selected by the American Association of University Presses as a Book for Understanding U.S. Race Relations, and recommended by the Miami-Dade (Florida) Public Library System for Native American Collections.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Sunny Nash is an award winning writer and three-time winner of </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Arts Council for Long Beach Professional Artist Fellowship Awards: 2003, 2009 and 2014-15. Her most recent </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Arts Council for Long Beach award is a 2016-17 grant for cultural heritage preservation programs, <i style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2017/04/arts-council-for-long-beach-awards.html" target="_blank">How a Child Build Legacy</a></i>, designed to encourage young students to prepare archives of their accomplishments and plan for their future achievements.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sunny Nash earned a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism & Mass Communication, Texas A&M University; Postgraduate Media Studies Certificate, Cronkite School of Journalism & Mass Communications, Arizona State University; Postgraduate Diploma, Instructional Technology, University of California, San Diego; Constitution Studies, James Madison’s Montpelier Center for the Constitution; and Postgraduate Digital Literacy Certificate, Simmons College Graduate School of Library & Information Science, Boston. Sunny Nash’s international studies include Intellectual Property Law, World Intellectual Property Organization Academy, Geneva, Switzerland; Diplomacy, Culture and Communication, United Nations; Research Methodology, Digital Preservation, Online Archival Information Systems, University of London; and Archival Data Governance, National Archives of Australia, Melbourne. </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms"; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">©</span> </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;">2017 Sunny Nash. </span><span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-weight: normal;">All Rights Reserved Worldwide.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms"; font-size: xx-small;">~Thank You~</span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-23727129818752105572017-04-12T13:45:00.000-07:002017-04-17T08:47:12.317-07:00Before Rosa Parks, Sojourner Truth - Ain't I A Woman?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b style="color: windowtext; font-family: Times;"><i>Before Rosa Parks, there was Sojourner Truth</i></b><b style="color: windowtext; font-family: Times;"><i>.</i></b></h2>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><i><b>Sojourner Truth</b> <span style="background-color: white; text-align: justify;">(1797-1883)</span></i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">One of the first civil rights, woman's suffrage and </span><span style="font-family: "times";">anti-slavery</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times";">activists was abolitionist, Sojourner Truth, whose feelings about the evils of slavery matched President Abraham Lincoln's own anti-slavery sentiments, which he began to form in his childhood. Widely advertised, Truth's speeches not only chastised America about slavery but also punctuated </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times";">the difference in the positions of black and white womanhood in America.</span></span><span style="text-align: right;"> </span><br />
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<span style="text-align: right;">Sojourner Truth was born only ten years before the <b><i><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2017/04/democracy-is-all-about-process.html" target="_blank">Founding Fathers</a></i></b> began deliberations on a new U.S. Constitution to replace the old Articles of Confederation. She was six years old when the Bill of Rights was ratified, the document she would later use in her career to build her case for human rights.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times";">Ten years before Union victory in the Civil War freed U.S. southern slaves under the order of the future President Abraham Lincoln, Sojourner Truth delivered her famous </span><strong style="background-color: white; font-family: Times;"><em>Ain't I A Woman? </em></strong><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times";">speech </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times";">at the Women's Convention in Akron, Ohio, in December 1851</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times";">.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman";"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times new roman";">Sojourner Truth was as significant a figure in the anti-slavery issues of her</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;">1850-60s</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;">generation just as Rosa Parks, the Montgomery Bus Boycott and Martin luther King were to anti-Jim Crow laws in the modern Civil Rights Movement of the 1950-60s.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><i>It seems that racism and discrimination has always been rooted in sex. </i></b></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In 1944, the rape of a 24-year-old mother and sharecropper, Recy Taylor, was walking home from Rock Hill Holiness Church in Abbeville, Alabama, when seven white men, armed with knives and shotguns, ordered her into their green Chevrolet. They raped and left her for dead. The president of the local NAACP branch office sent his best investigator and organizer to Abbeville. Her name was Rosa Parks and this was not the last battle against racism Parks would launch. The </span><b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2013/01/rosa-parks-montgomery-bus-boycott-legacy.html" target="_blank">Montgomery Bus Boycott</a></b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> became a civil rights movement with the help of Martin Luther King that changed the world. The civil rights movement was also part of woman's a movement that began one hundred years earlier with Sojourner Truth</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: center;">Delivered 1851, Women's Convention, Akron, Ohio</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Well, children, where there is so much racket there must be something out of kilter. I think that 'twixt the Negroes of the South and the women at the North, all talking about rights, the white men will be in a fix pretty soon. But what's all this here talking about?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain't I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man - when I could get it - and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman? I have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Then they talk about this thing in the head; what's this they call it? [member of audience whispers, "intellect"] That's it, honey. What's that got to do with women's rights or negroes' rights? If my cup won't hold but a pint, and yours holds a quart, wouldn't you be mean not to let me have my little half measure full?</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Then that little man in black there, he says women can't have as much rights as men, 'cause Christ wasn't a woman! Where did your Christ come from? Where did your Christ come from? From God and a woman! Man had nothing to do with Him.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back , and get it right side up again! And now they is asking to do it, the men better let them.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 16px;">Obliged to you for hearing me, and now old Sojourner ain't got nothing more to say. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1C-cwpZghyFIRLNMFfrUDZWfMt25CZvLxI9H0WGJ9wo1Cfl2C4y4b9CpmcxJMARy3XPH8ZkV9uO-tfwdb5qHmZ80rO2J7-3-i22Pfb6tJeICv2lciDGOwPu-fH1KZlAop2MXTCRdHsG4/s1600/www.sojournertruthesopusmemorial%255B1%255D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: white; clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sojourner Truth's Birthplace" border="0" height="182" qaa="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1C-cwpZghyFIRLNMFfrUDZWfMt25CZvLxI9H0WGJ9wo1Cfl2C4y4b9CpmcxJMARy3XPH8ZkV9uO-tfwdb5qHmZ80rO2J7-3-i22Pfb6tJeICv2lciDGOwPu-fH1KZlAop2MXTCRdHsG4/s320/www.sojournertruthesopusmemorial%5B1%5D.jpg" title="Sojourner Truth's Birthplace" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.sojournertruthesopusmemorial.com/">Hardenbergh<em> Estate</em></a>, </span><em style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ulster County, New York</em></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "arial";">Cabin Believed to Be </span></em><em style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Birthplace of Sojourner Truth</span></em></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Sojourner Truth</b> was born Isabella, around 1797 to slave parents, Elizabeth and James, from the Gold Coast of Africa. Nicknamed Betsy and Baumfree, her parents were owned by <b>Dutch Revolutionary War </b>Colonel, Johannes Hardenbergh of Ulster County, New York. Because they spoke only Dutch, their owners' </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">language</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, they were classified as Afro-Dutch, as were many slaves on neighboring estates in that part of New York. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The first U.S. Census indicates that the slave population in New York grew to 21,324 by 1790, making New York the largest slave-owning state north of the Mason-Dixon line, a distinction New York held for the two centuries the state practiced slavery: </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/geography/slave_laws_NY.htm">New York Slave Law Summary and Record</a></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;">After the deaths of her original owners, </span><span style="color: black;">Isabella was sold away from her family at a New York auction. At nine years old, still speaking only Dutch, the young girl learned English under brutal circumstances, while living through a succession of <b>New York slave owners</b>. For the next 20 years, until 1826, Isabella survived terror, cruelty, beatings and rape on a daily basis.</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "times";">One year before New York emancipated its slaves in 1827, Isabella, a</span></span><span style="font-family: "times";">t age 29, planned her escape and walked away from her owners without permission, taking only her infant daughter. The rest of her children, still slaves at the time, had to be left behind with their father, a husband chosen for Isabella by their owners.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times";">The year following Isabella's departure from her owners, New York law required slave owners in that state to free their slaves. Many former owners indentured their former property and some sold their former slaves illegally into the South where slavery was still legal. Isabella went to court to win the freedom of her 5-year-old son, who had been sold to an Alabama plantation, and became the first black woman to win such a case against a white man. All of this was taking place about the time that Thomas "Daddy" Rice was touring with his new Jim Crow minstrel show and the North was busy constructing a body of black codes to control its newly freed slaves.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times";">In 18</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">43, </span>Isabella changed her name to Sojourner Truth </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">and reinvented herself, becoming associated with a number of questionable female and male religious groups and characters for financial and moral support. Eventually, she found the message she wanted to spread--the abolition of slavery and Jim Crow laws, and women's suffrage. She began preaching the gospel, traveling and speaking about the abolition of slavery and women's rights.</span></span></span> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">To increase her fame, brand</span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> her image and </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: center;">spread her </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">message</span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;">, <span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Truth embraced the new services professional photographers provided, creating portable images and publication of images onto to cards with printed messages. Professional photography began in earnest in America during the Civil War when Truth was most actively seeking publicity for her lectures. </span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">To increase her income, she solicited the assistance of a white associate, </span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;">Olive Gilbert,</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"> to help her write her memoir,</span></span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: -webkit-center;"><b><i> Narrative of Sojourner Truth, </i></b></span><b style="font-style: italic;">a Northern Slave, Emancipated from Bodily Servitude by the State of New York, in 1828</b>, by Sojourner Truth, </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">introduction by anti-slavery advocate and publisher, William Lloyd Garrison.</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">From </span><a href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/truth/1850/1850.html" style="background-color: white;">Narrative of Sojourner Truth</a>:</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">In process of time, Isabella found herself the mother of five children, and she rejoiced in being permitted to be the instrument of increasing the property of her oppressors! Think, dear reader, without a blush, if you can, for one moment, of a mother thus willingly, and with pride, laying her own children, the 'flesh of her flesh,' on the altar of slavery–a sacrifice to the bloody Moloch! But we must remember that beings capable of such sacrifices are not mothers; they are only 'things,' 'chattels,' 'property.' But since that time, the subject of this narrative has made some advances from a state of chattelism towards that of a woman and a mother; and she now looks back upon her thoughts and feelings there, in her state of ignorance and degradation, as one does on the dark imagery of a fitful dream. One moment it seems but a frightful illusion; again it appears a terrible reality. I would to God it were but a dreamy myth, and not, as it now stands, a horrid reality to some three millions of chattelized human beings. I have already alluded to her care not to teach her children to steal, by her example; and she says, with groanings that cannot be written, 'The Lord only knows how many times I let my children go hungry, rather than take secretly the bread I liked not to ask for.' All parents who annul their preceptive teachings by their daily practices would do well to profit by her example. Another proof of her master's kindness of heart is found in the following fact. If her master came into the house and found her infant crying, (as she could not always attend to its wants and the commands of her mistress at the same time,) he would turn to his wife with a look of reproof, and ask her why she did not see the child taken care of; saying, most earnestly, 'I will not hear this crying; I can't bear it, and I will not hear any child cry so. Here, Bell, take care of this child, if no more work is done for a week.' And he would linger to see if his orders were obeyed, and not countermanded. When Isabella went to the field to work, she used to put her infant in a basket, tying a rope to each handle, and suspending the basket to a branch of a tree, set another small child to swing it. It was thus secure from reptiles and was easily administered to, and even lulled to sleep, by a child too young for other labors. I was quite struck with the ingenuity of such a baby-tender, as I have sometimes been with the swinging hammock the native mother prepares for her sick infant–apparently so much easier than aught we have in our more civilized homes; easier for the child, because it gets the motion without the least jar; and easier for the nurse, because the hammock is strung so high as to supersede the necessity of stooping.</span><br />
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<em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">to Sojourner Truth </span></em><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.kyphilom.com/www/truth.html" style="background-color: white;"><b>Sojourner Truth</b></a><span style="background-color: white;"> became invaluable to Union </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Civil War</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">efforts speaking against slavery and recruiting black troops. Truth was also active in the women's movement, advocating for the inclusion of African American women in the political struggle and the benefits for women's voting rights and legal protection under the Constitution.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sojourner Truth described </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">in a letter</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">meeting Abraham Lincoln on November 17, 1864. </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">"I must say, and I am proud to say, that I never was treated by any one with more kindness and cordiality than were shown to me by that great and good man, Abraham Lincoln, by the grace of God president of the United States for four years more. He took my little book, and with the same hand that signed the death-warrant of slavery.”</i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><b><i>American Black History</i></b> is a concise yet thorough treatment of 500 years of African American history from its origins in the civilizations of Africa through the grim early years in America and the quest for freedom and civil rights. Richly illustrated, the book vividly details the rise of slavery, abolitionist movement, <b>Civil War</b>, Reconstruction, blacks in U.S. wars, the Harlem Renaissance, emergence of the civil rights era and the arduous struggle for the full claims of citizenship. Lively portraits of key cultural and political figures such as Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, <b>Frederick Douglass</b>, W. E. B. Du Bois, <b>Martin Luther King</b>, Malcolm X and countless others make clear the enormous contributions of blacks in America. Tests, answer key and bibliography are included. (112 pages).</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Sojourner Truth was like </span><span style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2011/02/rosa-parks-montgomery-bus-boycott-jim.html" style="background-color: white; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Rosa Parks</a>, </span><span style="background-color: white;">several generations later. Igniting the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955 when she and <b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/11/movies-not-just-black-white.html" target="_blank">Martin Luther King</a></b> were arrested for remaining in her seat after being ordered by the bus driver to move for a white rider. Both Sojourner Truth and Rosa Parks were women of conviction for their beliefs. Both women lived through their respective eras of </span><b style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2011/08/jim-crow-dead-gone.html" target="_blank">Jim Crow laws</a></b><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></span> <i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.199999809265137px; line-height: 16px;">“People always say that I didn't give up my seat because I was tired,” Rosa Parks wrote in her autobiography, “but that isn't true. I was not tired physically, or no more tired than I usually was at the end of a working day. I was not old, although some people have an image of me as being old then. I was forty-two. No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.”</i> <i style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 15.199999809265137px; line-height: 16px;"> </i><br />
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<b style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911;" target="_blank">at Woolworth's</a></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b style="background-color: white;">Bigmama Didn't Shop </b></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b style="background-color: white;">at Woolworth's</b></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Sunny Nash, former nationally syndicated newspaper columnist, is the author of<em><b> </b></em><em><span style="font-style: normal;">a nonfiction book </span></em>about life before and during the Civil Rights Movement with her part-Comanche grandmother, </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Bigmama-Didnt-Shop-at-Woolworths/dp/0890967164"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">, selected by the American Association of University Presses as a Book for Understanding U.S. Race Relations, and recommended by the Miami-Dade (Florida) Public Library System for Native American Collections.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sunny Nash earned a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism & Mass Communication, Texas A&M University; Postgraduate Media Studies Certificate, Cronkite School of Journalism & Mass Communications, Arizona State University; Postgraduate Diploma, Instructional Technology, University of California, San Diego; Constitution Studies, James Madison’s Montpelier Center for the Constitution; and Postgraduate Digital Literacy Certificate, Simmons College Graduate School of Library & Information Science, Boston. Sunny Nash’s international studies include Intellectual Property Law, World Intellectual Property Organization Academy, Geneva, Switzerland; Diplomacy, Culture and Communication, United Nations; Research Methodology, Digital Preservation, Online Archival Information Systems, University of London; and Archival Data Governance, National Archives of Australia, Melbourne. </span><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<title> Sunny Nash – Race Relations in America </title><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> <iframe frameborder="1" no="no" src="https://www.facebook.com/plugins/like.php?href=http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/%0A++++++++scrolling%3D" style="border: width:450px; height: 80px;"></iframe> </span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-50930901325721687202017-04-02T16:16:00.001-07:002017-05-10T17:58:12.040-07:00Democracy Is All About Process<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">All one needs to do to support this claim is consult the deliberations of the Founding Fathers when they signed the Declaration of Independence and the Framers of the Constitution when they </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">met at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia and remained there debating through that hot humid summer of 1787 to establish </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">a set of rules to follow</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> that governed </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the process </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">of </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">writing the United States Constitution.</span></i></h3>
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<b style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B005QW98AK/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B005QW98AK&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Founding Fathers</a></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Plans, rules, goals, objectives, guidelines or however you wish to label them, and whether you agree with their results or not, these agenda and procedural items comprise the process.</i></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">During the process of writing the Constitution, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the Framers had heated discussions </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">of critical issues facing the brand new nation they were trying to create, such as slavery, indigenous people, indentured servitude, and other racially and sexually charged issues of their day.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Creating the executive, the president, caused as much or more heat before the Framers defined the high office. To limit the powers of the executive, the primary check on executive powers was listed in Article 2, Section 4 of the Constitution: "</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors." Impeachment is a enumerated power of the House of Representatives.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Y</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ou may question the seemingly dispassionate approach the Framers seemed to take toward issues that are even more controversial by today's standards, but there was plenty of passion in those procedural committee meetings on legislative suffrage, states' rights, private property, and other </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">obscure </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">legal jargon invented for the very occasion and now resides in our system of constitutional interpretation.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Distraction by those political games played to gain advantage over the social issues of that ancient era will prevent a thorough investigation of the process the Framers followed.</i> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">As an observer and student of </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">constitutional</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> development, I--as well as other present-day scholars and some of the Founding Fathers and Framers of the Constitution themselves--find much shame in the bundle of compromises that make up the U.S. Constitution, namely, legal protections the document extended to slavery, oppression of women, and </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">native tribe relocation and extermination. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">However, among all the complications the document presented, I cannot argue with the Framers' respect for the process they established to create the document. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Democracy is all about process. Without adhering to due process, substance cannot legally be considered by the judiciary system, which the Framers wrote into the Constitution.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">As flawed as some of the Framers may have been in their thinking on subjects like: the international slave trade, Southern privilege, native tribal rights, class, gender and others, the Framers did fully understand, agree, adopt and participate in the imperative notion that process must be the foundation under the writing of the Constitution for the new government with which they were replacing the old Articles of Confederation.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>The 13 original colonies, with the exception of Rhode Island, sent d<span style="color: #463e3e;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">elegates to the Constitutional Convention </span></span><span style="color: #463e3e;"><span style="line-height: 20px;">on February 21, 1787. </span></span></i></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">First, let's remember and not become distracted by the fact that the Framers lived in a different era and culture than the one in which we live today, much like the era of the Founding Fathers a bit more than a decade before. No</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> colony had universal suffrage; none respected the property rights of females in their states; and all were either living upon or seeking to secure rights to native tribal lands for the expansion of the nation they were forming. O</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">nly one of the original 13 colonies had abolished slavery within its borders at the start of the Philadelphia Convention. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">That colony was Massachusetts; Vermont soon followed. Although, other northern states had begun to consider emancipation of their slaves, no others had done so by this time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2013/02/founding-fathers-jim-crow-laws-rosa.html" target="_blank">On Slavery</a></span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>John Adams</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Founding Father</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Signer of the Declaration<br />of Independence</b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">John Adams, Massachusetts, did not own slaves and, in fact, abhorred the institution. Benjamin Franklin owned two household slaves but espoused opposition to the institution of slavery; James Madison was against the slave trade but was a third-generation slave owner; George Washington became a slave owner at age 10 when his father died; and Thomas Jefferson owned nearly 700 slaves at one time. T</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times";">he Founding Fathers understood that human bondage had to be stopped to prevent the future destruction of the nation, but slavery was their heritage, passed down to them from their forefathers to be passed down to their offspring. </span></span></span></span><br />
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<strong style="font-family: times; text-align: right;">CONSIDERATIONS</strong><span style="font-family: "times"; text-align: right;"> Framers made in debating the question of slavery under the provisions of the new Constitution: Giving the slave holding states the three-fifths compromise, which meant counting every five non-free persons of that state equal to every three free persons of that state for the purpose of representation in the new </span><span style="font-family: "times"; text-align: right;">national</span><span style="font-family: "times"; text-align: right;"> Congress. The </span><span style="font-family: "times"; text-align: right;">three-fifths compromise</span><span style="font-family: "times"; text-align: right;">, which boosted the slave holding states' national representation and presidential electors was considered by some Framers of the Constitution the most embarrassing of all the clauses and compromises they wrote into the Constitution. The sordid compromise to the slave states of counting slaves toward congressional representation actually rewarded those states for importing more slaves, which the Constitution allowed them to do through the 20-year compromise. Later, these compromises increases slave populations cost John Adams, a none slave owner, to lose the presidency to Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence and also owner of hundreds of slaves, and perhaps thousands over his entire career and lifetime, although he espoused to deplore slavery.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;"><b>Thomas Jefferson</b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Signer of the Declaration<br />of Independence</b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">Incidentally, John Adams and some other Founding Fathers were not present </span><span style="font-family: "times";">during the Constitutional Convention</span><span style="font-family: "times";">. Adams was serving as a </span><a href="http://johnadamsinfo.com/john-adams-and-the-constitution/91/" style="font-family: times;" target="_blank">European Diplomat</a><span style="font-family: "times";"> at the time. Perhaps, had Adams been at the Convention his status as a non slave owner may have led the process to different conclusions; and perhaps not, him being outnumbered by those of a different persuasion toward slavery. </span><br />
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<h4 style="text-align: right;">
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<i>Lives were grounded in the tradition of slavery that offered benefits few were anxious to release.</i></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times";"><span style="font-family: "times";">Evaluating slavery, the Framers considered t</span><span style="font-family: "times";">he </span><span style="font-family: "times";">economies</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> of Colonial America</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> and burgeoning territories, all deeply dependent upon slavery. </span><span style="font-family: "times";">Moreover, the colonies were still at war on many levels internally and externally for independence, while t</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">he wealthy and educated Framers formulated the doctrines of the new nation, founded on freedom and the equality of its citizens, a group that did not include women, slaves, Native Americans or </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">poor white men</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Absence of process spawns confusion and chaos. Depending upon who is in charge of the process, established systems cannot save themselves from inevitable difficulties. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b><i>For a variety of reasons the Convention did not attempt to solve or even discuss the problem of slavery. It is not that the subject of slavery never came up. The process gave them a method of avoiding the subject of slavery that loomed over the proceedings, and dominated many debates. In the end, the words slave and slavery were not written into the document for reasons that included: the Founding Fathers were not comfortable with a Constitution that endorsed slavery in writing. </i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The process governing the Convention had a definite purpose: to conclude with a final document to take back to their respective states for ratification. If slavery had been a major topic written into the document, either no document would have been produced or if a document containing slavery were produced, it would not have been ratified. The main reason was that no slave state would approve a document that relinquished </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">to a national government </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the particular states' right of it citizens to own slaves. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Hence: Democracy is all about the process of progressing to a desired conclusion.</i></span></span></span></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Requiring the same process of generating rules is the process of s</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">cientific investigation. Many of the Founding Fathers were involved in areas such as agronomy, astronomy, botany, medicine, mathematics, zoology and others. T</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">aking into account their varied experiences and their need for order, the first thing those men did when they arrived at the Philadelphia Convention was to set up a framework--the process--for writing the Constitution.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Men representing northern states--Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania--and those representing southern states--Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia--had to first agree on the process that would guide their ultimate agreement on the final document.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Democracy is all about process. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Due process of law, which the Framers wrote into the Constitution's Fifth Amendment of the Bill of Rights states that: </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>"No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; not shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, <b>nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law</b>; now shall private property be take for public use, without just compensation."</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Due process applies qualifications to the gathering of material to be presented in court. Without du</i>e process of law substance cannot be legally gathered or admitted into a court of law as evidence. Without due process, what is the status of the evidence, the substance of the material gathered?</span><br />
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<i style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Process establishes the viability of natural law.</i></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Duplication of an experiment--which is what the Framers called the new form of government they were creating under the Constitution--depends on being able to reproduce the same result by following the established process. To this end, they created a living breathing document of processes they hoped would live long beyond their years; and would prove itself viable by demonstrating to their posterity how to duplicate results and, by doing so, how to improve upon the processes of their experiment. </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><b><i>Sunny Nash<br />Author-Journalist</i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">Bigmama Didn’t Shop </a></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">At Woolworth’s </a></i></b></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">Sunny Nash</a></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b style="background-color: white;">Bigmama Didn't Shop </b></a></div>
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<b style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911;" target="_blank">at Woolworth's</a></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b style="background-color: white;">Bigmama Didn't Shop </b></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b style="background-color: white;">at Woolworth's</b></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Sunny Nash, former
nationally syndicated newspaper columnist, is the author of<em><b> </b></em><em><span style="font-style: normal;">a nonfiction book </span></em>about life
before and during the Civil Rights Movement with her part-Comanche grandmother,
</span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Bigmama-Didnt-Shop-at-Woolworths/dp/0890967164"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s</i></b></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">, selected by the American Association of
University Presses as a Book for Understanding U.S. Race Relations, and
recommended by the Miami-Dade (Florida) Public Library System for Native
American Collections.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sunny Nash earned a
Bachelor of Arts in Journalism & Mass Communication, Texas A&M
University; Postgraduate Media Studies Certificate, Cronkite School of
Journalism & Mass Communications, Arizona State University; Postgraduate
Diploma, Instructional Technology, University of California, San Diego;
Constitution Studies, James Madison’s Montpelier Center for the
Constitution; and Postgraduate Digital Literacy Certificate, Simmons College Graduate School of Library & Information Science, Boston. Sunny Nash’s
international studies include Intellectual Property Law, World Intellectual
Property Organization Academy, Geneva, Switzerland; Diplomacy, Culture and
Communication, United Nations; Research Methodology, Digital Preservation,
Online Archival Information Systems, University of London; and Archival Data
Governance, National Archives of Australia, Melbourne. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms"; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">©</span> </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; text-align: justify;">2017 Sunny Nash. </span><strong style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-weight: normal;">All Rights Reserved Worldwide.</span></strong></span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small; font-weight: normal;"> www.sunnynash.blogspot.com </span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms"; font-size: x-small;">~Thank You~</span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-66376030715630956312017-03-14T18:43:00.002-07:002017-04-18T10:06:52.143-07:00Sunny Nash Honored with a Pearce Award<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Silhouette of Sunny Nash</i></b><br />
<b style="font-size: 12.8px;"><i>On-Location at Khmer Conference</i></b><br />
<b>Photo by Keith Jerome Lilly, Founder</b><br />
<a href="https://www.developingfutureleaders.org/" target="_blank"><b>Developing Future Leaders</b></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sunny Nash was honored by Jeannine Pearce, Long Beach, California, City Council Member, 2nd District,</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> at the 2nd Annual <b><i>Khmer Parent Association Mother and Daughter Conference</i></b>, where Nash delivered the keynote address and exhibited artifacts from her mother's archive.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nash began preserving artifacts of her cultural heritage after studying archaeology interpretation and preservation techniques at the Smithsonian, Library of Congress, University of London and U.S. Department of the Interior. Nash's specialized training includes material artifact preservation such as photographs, historical papers, books and objects, as well as digital archival systems for images, text documents, sound recordings and video.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"I realized, even as a child, that I wanted to leave my mark," Nash said. "And in order to leave a mark, I knew I had to make a mark. I observed my grandparents, parents and others in my life to see how to create something of value to leave behind. And to make a record of it, I knew I had to save things like my people did. My mother saved her academic papers, among many other articles that I have the privilege of preserving for others to appreciate and to study far into the future."</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><b>Littie Nash </b>(</i><span style="font-size: 12.8px;"><i>Sunny Nash's Mother)</i></span><b><i><br />University of Texas <br />State Licensing - Food Safety</i></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Artifacts </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sunny Nash</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> is preserving from her mother's archive emphasize two main points. Part of the exhibit displays her mother's academic achievements and </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">professional training certificates</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">, which she acquired at a time when such training for women was scarce and employment in those professional areas was quite limited for women until after the Civil Rights Movement. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"I watched my mother meet the postman who delivered her books and lessons for her correspondence courses," Nash said. "Those methods of study resembled today's online study. In the 1950s and 1960s, though, there was no Internet. It was all handled by mail. The reason my mother chose correspondence courses was because many schools and professional training programs did not allow people of color or women. And some professional training correspondence programs were more concerned about validating tuition fees than racial or gender identity records."</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>African American, Native American and Irish Artifacts <br />of Littie Nash </i></b><i style="font-size: 12.8px;">(</i><span style="font-size: 12.8px;"><i>Sunny Nash's Mother)</i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">The second point of Nash's exhibit underlines the fact that </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">few people are of a single culture. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"R</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">ace and ethnicity make up only a portion of a person's cultural heritage," </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nash said.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"The unfortunate truth is that so many people ignore part of who they are or they are not aware of all they are or they fail to adequately acknowledge the culture in which they live. If we could possibly start to appreciate all that we are, then maybe we can increase our appreciation of who others are."</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">The annual </span><b><i><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2rMaE-7mzYreVhlbk9QcG1qckk/view" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Khmer Parent Association Mother and Daughter</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> C</span></a></i></b><span style="background-color: white;"><b><i><a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2rMaE-7mzYreVhlbk9QcG1qckk/view" target="_blank">onference</a></i></b>, which present</span><span style="background-color: white;">s</span><span style="background-color: white;"> focus groups, mother-daughter discussion panels, question and answer sessions, exhibits and other activities, </span><span style="background-color: white;">i</span><span style="background-color: white;">s a resource for all women and girls to share experiences. The Khmer Parent Association was co-founded by Chan Hopson, who has been executive director of the organization for more than ten years and organizes the annual event. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hopson and many others who participated in planning and executing the Khmer event all </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">understand the importance of women recognizing </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">and sharing their concerns, stories and accomplishments. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"And because of my participation in the Khmer conference," </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nash said, "m</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">y mother and I were both celebrated with a Pearce Award."</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Long Beach, California, City Council Member, 2nd District, </span><a href="http://www.longbeach.gov/district2/" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">Jeannine Pearce</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">'s civic theme is: </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"Building a Long Beach that works for everyone starts by bringing together all stakeholders to develop creative solutions. Our priorities include promoting a thriving local economy with good jobs, establishing safer neighborhoods, and increasing smart, local investment. This is your seat at the table, join us in the conversation!"</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sunny Nash said t</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">he </span><b><i><a href="https://sunnynashpressroom.wordpress.com/2017/03/18/sunny-nash-speaks-at-khmer-conference/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Khmer Parent Association Mother and Daughter</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span></a></i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><i><a href="https://sunnynashpressroom.wordpress.com/2017/03/18/sunny-nash-speaks-at-khmer-conference/" target="_blank">Conference</a></i></b> was particularly significant to her because it gave her the chance to reflect on what her mother meant to her and what her mother did for her; and to share with others how her mother's lessons were less about telling and more about showing.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"Because of my mother's influence, </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">I have assumed the responsibility of preserving the records she and my father, my grandparents and my ancestors left," Nash said. "Preserving what they felt important is the least I can do for those who struggled before me and managed to keep records of what they did. When we are all gone, those records will stand to </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">illustrate to humanity that we lived and will represent the story of me and my people--who we were, what we did and how we did it." </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVaCIATyPc4ZtL8LWJlHf1MMICtCz4AsyHMw_3stc3fLOVIstdgneJCNC1ee5MSnP-xyHGdfiKXNEc36ohMzpz7NutFHZ_M6XHi7tzUcHB6p8xHr6ZjqX7WY0eYZiyCqW7heYpmuAb4WPx/s1600/Nash+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sunny Nash Author of Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVaCIATyPc4ZtL8LWJlHf1MMICtCz4AsyHMw_3stc3fLOVIstdgneJCNC1ee5MSnP-xyHGdfiKXNEc36ohMzpz7NutFHZ_M6XHi7tzUcHB6p8xHr6ZjqX7WY0eYZiyCqW7heYpmuAb4WPx/s200/Nash+5.jpg" title="Sunny Nash Author-Journalist" width="150" /></a></div>
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<b><i>Sunny Nash<br />Author-Journalist</i></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">Bigmama Didn’t Shop </a></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">At Woolworth’s </a></i></b></span></div>
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<b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">Sunny Nash</a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Sunny Nash, former nationally syndicated newspaper columnist, is the author of<em><b> </b></em><em><span style="font-style: normal;">a nonfiction book </span></em>about life before and during the Civil Rights Movement with her part-Comanche grandmother, </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Bigmama-Didnt-Shop-at-Woolworths/dp/0890967164"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s</span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif;">, selected by the American Association of University Presses as a Book for Understanding U.S. Race Relations, and recommended by the Miami-Dade (Florida) Public Library System for Native American Collections.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Sunny Nash is an award winning writer and three-time winner of </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Arts Council for Long Beach Professional Artist Fellowship Awards: 2003, 2009 and 2014-15. Her most recent </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Arts Council for Long Beach award is a 2016-17 grant for cultural heritage preservation programs, <i style="font-weight: bold;"><a href="https://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2017/04/arts-council-for-long-beach-awards.html" target="_blank">How a Child Build Legacy</a></i>, designed to encourage young students to prepare archives of their accomplishments and plan for their future achievements.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sunny Nash earned a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism & Mass Communication, Texas A&M University; Postgraduate Media Studies Certificate, Cronkite School of Journalism & Mass Communications, Arizona State University; Postgraduate Diploma, Instructional Technology, University of California, San Diego; Constitution Studies, James Madison’s Montpelier Center for the Constitution; and Postgraduate Digital Literacy Certificate, Simmons College Graduate School of Library & Information Science, Boston. Sunny Nash’s international studies include Intellectual Property Law, World Intellectual Property Organization Academy, Geneva, Switzerland; Diplomacy, Culture and Communication, United Nations; Research Methodology, Digital Preservation, Online Archival Information Systems, University of London; and Archival Data Governance, National Archives of Australia, Melbourne. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms"; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;">©</span> </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;">2017 Sunny Nash. </span><span style="font-size: xx-small; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-weight: normal;">All Rights Reserved Worldwide.</span></span></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-85222656430290895372017-03-13T19:06:00.053-07:002023-12-14T18:48:23.399-08:00Sunny Nash Honored by the California Senate<div dir="ltr" trbidi="on">
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Senator Ricardo Lara, 33rd District, State of California Senate, honored Sunny Nash for her dedication to building strong families throughout the City of Long Beach; and outstanding contribution to the 2nd Annual <b><i>Khmer Parent Association Mother and Daughter Conference</i></b> to empower women. </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Nash was presented the award at the conference, where she delivered the Keynote Speech and exhibited cultural artifacts preserved from her mother's archive. </span><br />
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<h4 style="text-align: left;"><i><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></i></h4><i><b>Long Beach, known as the Cambodian capital of the U.S., is home to the largest Khmer community in the world, outside the Southeast Asian nation, Cambodia.</b></i>
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"This opportunity allowed me to share my mother's lessons and display some of the educational credentials she earned during the Jim Crow era when few women of any color were accepted into certain types of professional programs and institutions of higher education," Nash said. "It was because of her and others like her that I am able to stand before audiences today and say, you can do it, too." <br /> <br /> <br /><b><i> Mothers and grandmothers help us form significant impressions, not only about our own culture, but also about the culture we share with others, Sunny Nash said.</i></b></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><b><i><br /></i></b></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><b><i><br /></i></b>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><i>Exhibition of Artifacts from the Archive of<br />Littie Nash, </i></b><b style="font-size: 12.8px;"><i>Mother of </i></b><b style="font-size: 12.8px;"><i>Sunny Nash</i></b><br />
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"I was delighted to accept conference organizer, Chan Hopson's, challenge to speak to the multi-cultural audience," said Nash, former nationally syndicated newspaper columnist for Hearst and Knight-Ridder. <br /> <br /> <br /> "When a person is asked to speak on a topic, it gives the person a chance to develop deeper appreciation for the subject," Nash said. "But I am not sure how it is possible for me to appreciate my mother more than I already do for encouraging me throughout my life and career, and lighting my path through her own persistence." <br /><br /></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: times;">Because of her mother's interest in other cultures, including her own Comanche connections, Nash's interest developed as well. Over the years, Nash's journalism career and her interest in cultural projects merged into editorial project management. And she knew it would take specialized training to learn the me met</span><span style="font-family: times;">hodologies. As a start, <a href="https://sunnynashpressroom.wordpress.com/2019/07/04/sunny-nash-enhances-skills-in-tribal-and-indigenous-studies/" target="_blank">Nash <span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;">studied </span></span></a></span><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><strong style="font-family: times;"><em><a href="https://sunnynashpressroom.wordpress.com/2019/07/04/sunny-nash-enhances-skills-in-tribal-and-indigenous-studies/" target="_blank">Protecting Our Legacies</a>, </em></strong><span style="font-family: times;">an educational program by California Indian Museum & Cultural Center in Santa Rosa, California, which features California Indian history, cultures and contributions to civilization and modern lifestyles, in a specialized study with principles useful to many cultural preservation efforts worldwide.</span></span></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: times;"><br /></span></div><div dir="ltr" trbidi="on"><span style="font-family: times;"> Sunny Nash earned a Bachelor of Arts in Jour</span>nalism & Mass Communication, Texas A&M University; Postgraduate Media Studies Certificate, Cronkite School of Journalism & Mass Communications, Arizona State University; Postgraduate Diploma, Instructional Technology, University of California, San Diego; and Postgraduate Digital Literacy Studies Certificate, Simmons College, Graduate School of Library & Information Science, Boston. Sunny Nash’s international studies include Intellectual Property Law, World Intellectual Property Organization Academy, Geneva, Switzerland; Diplomacy, Culture and Communication, United Nations; Research Methodology, and Digital Preservation, Archival Information Systems, University of London; and Archival Data, National Archives of Australia, Melbourne.<br /> <br />
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"I am always proud to talk about my mother, show off her achievements and share with others how she inspired me to go farther than I ever thought I would," said Nash, author of <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Bigmama-Didnt-Shop-at-Woolworths/dp/0890967164"><b><i>Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s</i></b></a> about life during the Civil Rights Movement with her part-Comanche maternal grandmother, a legacy to all of her ancestors. Nash’s book--collected worldwide by museums, universities and libraries--is selected by the American Association of University Presses as a Book for Understanding U.S. Race Relations, and recommended by the Miami-Dade (Florida) Public Library System as a Book for Native American Collections. <br /> <br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /><div><br />
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<b><i>Sunny Nash<br />Author-Journalist</i></b></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJaNjiDDWVq3cMi3odjOzi5-50blsWwBF8kmTGr4-RsTuiwvTgBOFw2CDYPYEIN7b6ZALThoneAsfsJ2XLyF0y8bc0vZqUWb2teTzixlu66hBiRMIkisWshUl0vvczJ3Gy0q55Yrq3zM/s1600/Bigmama+Cover.jpg" style="background-color: black; clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s Sunny Nash" border="0" height="229" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJaNjiDDWVq3cMi3odjOzi5-50blsWwBF8kmTGr4-RsTuiwvTgBOFw2CDYPYEIN7b6ZALThoneAsfsJ2XLyF0y8bc0vZqUWb2teTzixlu66hBiRMIkisWshUl0vvczJ3Gy0q55Yrq3zM/w151-h229/Bigmama+Cover.jpg" style="cursor: move;" title="Sunny Nash author Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s" width="151" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Sunny Nash, former nationally syndicated newspaper columnist, is the author of a nonfiction book about life before and during the Civil Rights Movement with her part-Comanche grandmother, </span><a href="https://www.amazon.com/Bigmama-Didnt-Shop-at-Woolworths/dp/0890967164" style="text-align: justify;">Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, selected by the American Association of University Presses as a Book for Understanding U.S. Race Relations, and recommended by the Miami-Dade (Florida) Public Library System for Native American Collections.</span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Sunny Nash is an award winning writer and three-time winner of Arts Council for Long Beach Professional Artist Fellowship Awards: 2003, 2009 and 2014-15. Her most recent Arts Council for Long Beach award is a 2016-17 grant for cultural heritage preservation programs, </span><a href="https://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2017/04/arts-council-for-long-beach-awards.html" style="text-align: justify;">How a Child Build Legacy</a><span style="text-align: justify;">, designed to encourage young students to prepare archives of their accomplishments and plan for their future achievements.</span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div> <div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Sunny Nash earned a Bachelor of Arts in Journalism & Mass Communication, Texas A&M University; Postgraduate Media Studies Certificate, Cronkite School of Journalism & Mass Communications, Arizona State University; Postgraduate Diploma, Instructional Technology, University of California, San Diego; Constitution Studies, James Madison’s Montpelier Center for the Constitution; and Postgraduate Digital Literacy Certificate, Simmons College Graduate School of Library & Information Science, Boston. Sunny Nash’s international studies include Intellectual Property Law, World Intellectual Property Organization Academy, Geneva, Switzerland; Diplomacy, Culture and Communication, United Nations; Research Methodology, Digital Preservation, Online Archival Information Systems, University of London; and Archival Data Governance, National Archives of Australia, Melbourne.</span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-53575879037278069292017-03-11T17:40:00.003-08:002020-08-28T19:55:07.161-07:00What is Race? Part Three: My Mother - On Jim Crow's Children<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/04/offspring-of-jim-crow-laws.html" target="_blank">Jim Crow had many children.</a></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>"We're all Jim Crow's children," my mother said to me when I was a little girl. "I mean the black ones, the brown ones, the white ones and all those in between."</i></span></div>
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<i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">"Jim Crow is not my daddy," I said.</i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: italic;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>"Jim Crow may not be your daddy," she said. "But you'</i></span><i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">re still </i><i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Jim Crow's</i><i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> child."</i></div>
<br />
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br />
<a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Mason-dixon-line.gif" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Mason-Dixon Line and the perpetuation of slavery in the United States" border="0" height="212" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Mason-dixon-line.gif" title="Mason-Dixon Line" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face="">Mason-Dixon Line</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Many people think the only children affected by Jim Crow laws were black children. This is simply a myth. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jim Crow's children include everyone who lived in any part of Jim Crow's world and went through America's public education system--past and present, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">North and South, urban, suburban and rural. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Most people are not aware of the impact of Jim Crow laws on their own lives, and the lives of their ancestors. And some of those ancestors may have been responsible for creating and enacting Jim Crow laws without realizing the lasting effects inside their very own homes for generations to come.</span></div></div></div></div><div style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div><div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Deep-seated feelings of superiority and inferiority are the reasons we still need to have <a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/05/conservations-about-education-in.html" target="_blank"><b>conversations about race relations in America</b></a>.</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
</div></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/SlaveRewardWashington1858.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sophia Gordon Runaway Slave" border="0" height="625" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/SlaveRewardWashington1858.jpg" title="Sophia Gordon Runaway Slave" width="469" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""><a href="https://www.afrigeneas.com/forumd/index.cgi/md/read/id/22333/sbj/sophia-gordon-escaped-in-1858/" target="_blank">Sophia Gordon Runaway Slave<br />Washington, D.C.</a></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table></div></div></div></div></blockquote><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div><div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Some people don't know there was also slavery in northern states </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">above the Mason-Dixon Line. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Don't know what that line demarcates?" My mother asked.</span></i></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>I shrugged.</i></span><br /><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Mason-Dixon Line</span></span> is the cultural line separating the North and the South," she said. "It was established by a </span><span style="line-height: 17.92px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f3f3f3; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1763 and 1767 survey to settle a </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: black; color: #f3f3f3;">border</span><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #f3f3f3;"> </span>dispute between states, and had everything to do with </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">racial classification in the United States and </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the perpetuation of slavery, the lifeblood of the nation, North and South. Because Washington D.C. is below the Mason-Dixon Line, there was slavery conducted within your nation's capitol.</span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"What?" I asked, getting interested.</span></i></div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"That's right," she said. "Even though Jim Crow laws have been erased from the books, their influence on all of us is still with us. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This includes people who are products of the old segregated system in both the North and the South, many of their children, their children's children and so on and so on." </span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"I hate them!" I said.</span></i></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><em>"Try to understand what the next guy is going through," she said. </em></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times";"><em>"Why do I care what the next guy is going through?" I asked her.</em></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times";"><em>"Self preservation," she said.</em></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times";"><em>"Self preservation?" I asked.</em></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times";"><em>"If you understand what the next guy is going through," she said. "You may be able to guess his next move. If you can guess his next move, maybe you'll have time to do something."</em></span><br />
<div>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">To define race</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, cast a wide net. </span></span></h2>
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div style="text-align: left;">Racial classification was so blatant in the United States during the early 20th Century that southern Italians were classified as a different nationality from northern Italians, who thought themselves to be more “white” and more closely related to the French and Germans. This classification seems to have been based on shades of complexion—fair-skinned northern Italians as opposed to dark-skinned southern Italians. </div></span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/In_the_Home_of_an_Italian_Rag-Picker%2C_Jersey_Street.jpg" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/In_the_Home_of_an_Italian_Rag-Picker%2C_Jersey_Street.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<a href="http://www.americanyawp.com/text/20-the-progressive-era/" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px; font-weight: bold;">Home of an Italian Rag Picker</a><span style="background-color: black;"><span face="" style="font-size: 12.8px;"> <span style="color: white;">v</span></span><span style="color: white;"><span face="" style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 14px;">ia </span><a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/preusmuseum/" style="border: 0px; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; line-height: 14px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Preus Museum</a></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div style="text-align: left;">In some cases of Italian racial classification, there seemed to have been a reliance on shades of complexion—fair-skinned northern Italians as opposed to dark-skinned southern Italians with latter receiving lower wages and harsher treatment economically and legally. Based on these criteria, segregation was imposed, which affected education and social services.</div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div style="text-align: left;">Racial categorizing led to the largest mass lynching of any group in the history of the United States in 1891. Although African Americans were customary targets, Southern Italian immigrants were targeted as well and many scholars believe the color of their skin played a significant part in the outcome of the injustice they sustained. Eleven southern Italian merchants were hanged in New Orleans and their corpses placed on public display. In fact, in the 1890s, 22 Southern Italians were lynched in parishes around Louisiana. </div></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;"><a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/713MLVDnR-L.jpg" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/713MLVDnR-L.jpg" width="214" /></a><br />
<b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.humankinetics.com/news-and-excerpts/news-and-excerpts/gerald-gems-discusses-the-history-of-sport-current-issues-and-future-challenges">Gerald R. Gems</a></span></b><br />
<span face="" style="font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0815633416/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0815633416&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20&linkId=GGR727YPQYFMZWXE" id="static_txt_preview" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911;" target="_blank">Sport and the Shaping<br />of Italian American Identity<br /> (Sports and Entertainment)</a></b></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Southern Italian immigrants were called guineas, one of the most offensive racial slurs be to coined against Italian Americans, referring to the Guinea Coast of Africa as they entered plantation life in Louisiana and other rural agricultural regions. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Gerald R. Gems said in his book on page 62, <b><i>Sport and the Shaping of Italian American Identity</i></b>, "Many Sicilians disembarked at New Orleans, and took up work on the sugar plantations of Louisiana, where hard physical labor became known as <i>nigger work</i> or <i>dago work</i>. At the 1889 state constitutional convention, representatives asserted, "according to the spirit of our meaning when we speak of a white man's government [the Italians] are as black as the blackest Negro in existence."</span><br />
<br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<i>Italians, like African Americans in Louisiana and other parts of the Deep South, could not hold public office or vote and were restricted to segregated housing, employment and schools. </i></h4>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">A tactic of racial classification was to pit one group against another as a practical power strategy to control human behavior and resources, and control the region's politics. On the other hand, however, over time, some members of manipulated white, black and other groups have developed deep psychological mistrust, resentment and feelings of superiority or inferiority toward each other that have lasted throughout history. </span></div>
</div>
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<div style="border: medium none; text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAKXH-GeahNmWhW0SzzdPAWHa4xhvJ6gLKszBAn3Ig8UHNSNFzmRphQRGCW2wifpFcMhR5cf9cCFpOPABvomvkBXF34wxwcrRz4shxAaMxphAot25AERBbUlsXFB7HvIGu2XLxl8hQNac/s1600/white+sharecropper2.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="White Sharecroppers" border="0" dea="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAKXH-GeahNmWhW0SzzdPAWHa4xhvJ6gLKszBAn3Ig8UHNSNFzmRphQRGCW2wifpFcMhR5cf9cCFpOPABvomvkBXF34wxwcrRz4shxAaMxphAot25AERBbUlsXFB7HvIGu2XLxl8hQNac/s1600/white+sharecropper2.jpg" title="White Sharecroppers After Emancipation" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.6667px; text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif;">White Sharecroppers</em></td></tr>
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</div>
<div style="border: medium none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">After Emancipation, the elite class, who had everything to lose by the commingling of different races of poor people, encouraged poor whites to think of and treat former slaves as beneath them to make themselves feel closer to the ruling class even though these poor whites did not own land, had no lines of credit, had no employment, were illiterate and could not vote--no better off than sharecropping former slaves, but deceived into thinking they had a God-given right to expect more and to do better than their black counterparts. And when white poor saw black poor doing better than them, it caused hostility, jealously and violent retaliation, as in Ku Klux Klan rapes, cross burning and lynching, actions they felt justified in taking to protect the competitive edge of their favored group. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Being classified as better than former slaves and closer to the ruling class was a mere deception. It would take many generations for poor whites to assimilate. Seldom did the wealthy ruling class have more social or marital relationships with poor whites than they did with blacks. Neither group was equal to the wealthy class and would never be. Neither group could, at that time or this, reasonably hope to amass the fortunes that drifted down through the generations, except today through great sports ability, entertainment talent, technology, social media, luck of the lottery, crime or a good education. Then watch what happens as the</span><i> <span style="background-color: white; line-height: 17px; text-align: -webkit-auto;">nouveau riche </span></i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">immediately join the old rich in political maneuvering. Nothing personal, though, because the rich are not required or expected to deal with the poor of any color. </span>It is more of a class issue than a color issue and always has been.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="border: medium none; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="border: medium none; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The dominant class considered some immigrants as undesirable for assimilation as African Americans because of immigrants' dark complexion, foreignness of their customs and former cotton-picker status, regardless of the white racial classification these immigrants may have claimed.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/04/offspring-of-jim-crow-laws.html" target="_blank">They are all children of Jim Crow.</a></span></h2>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Further, in the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the poor white class would be utilized by the wealthy to control and indoctrinate all other ethnic groups that came to these shores or were brought to this land or were indigenous to it, including reservation-restricted </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Native Americans and fresh-of-the-plantation former slaves. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Children of poor white immigrants were enslaved in factories and mines for little more than a meal and a few pennies a day to help take care of desperately impoverished families.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Also included in the farm working class were Eastern European, Asian, Pacific Islander, Mexican and Middle Eastern immigrants, who were denied full citizenship rights before they were assimilated, if they were allowed to assimilate when these families came to America to work on plantations after the Civil War. These immigrants' children were customarily denied schooling and forced to work in unsafe conditions not much better than slaves or former slaves. However, like other white persons, they were indoctrinated by the Jim Crow tradition and some became active in the promotion of the Jim Crow laws separating them from African Americans and other groups that could be readily identified by physical features. </span></div>
<div style="border: medium none; text-align: justify;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHEdupT0WlQrj04sGsaKrxG3XgdfC94FqlJxA1eMlZnNLF3opJZdkSCMD1D_VsI6sbTqH2eQgruLKAQiC0Tl0lWY9i345WIWlZ4Xg_uIgBi14qsp3jqmI_1fqOqfn7ARCALHI8D0vLNxc/s1600/Chinese+farm+laborers.jpg" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Chinese Immigrant Farm Laborers" border="0" dea="true" height="256" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHEdupT0WlQrj04sGsaKrxG3XgdfC94FqlJxA1eMlZnNLF3opJZdkSCMD1D_VsI6sbTqH2eQgruLKAQiC0Tl0lWY9i345WIWlZ4Xg_uIgBi14qsp3jqmI_1fqOqfn7ARCALHI8D0vLNxc/s320/Chinese+farm+laborers.jpg" title="Chinese Immigrant Farm Laborers" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.6667px; text-align: center;"><span face="" style="font-size: x-small;"><em>Chinese Immigrant </em></span><em style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Farm </em><em style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Family</em></td></tr>
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<div style="border: medium none; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Indentured Chinese were imported to build California railroads and levees. Afterwards, they were burned out or driven away. Mississippi Delta plantation owners imported them to Delta farms to replace slaves after Emancipation. Through labor agents, the same tactic was used to import Italian, Lebanese and Syrian indentured servants to Delta plantations to pick cotton alongside black workers who had stayed on farms after being freed.</span></div>
<br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">When the Great Depression hit in 1929, immigrant families, who were already entangled </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">in tenant farm agreements, were further victimized by a crashed economy. Unable to pay their sharecropping farm store debts, desperate indentured immigrants could not leave the sharecropping plantation system. Many ran away, leaving in the dead of night, and tried to find work in other locations. However, at that time, hungry people filled cities looking for free food, public relief and charity handouts. </span><br />
<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jobs had become scarce for all workers and especially for immigrants, who were customarily subjected to increased Jim Crow discrimination and bigotry in times of economic distress. So, like former slaves, some unfortunate immigrant farm workers stayed on plantations where they could get a meal, even though, the meal cost them their freedom and held them in virtual slavery by dishonest bookkeeping of plantation owners who operated in the same fashion as before the Civil War. The difference was the workers were not exactly slaves; they were in debt to the farm store, a predicament also shared by a large number of poor white families who owned no land.</span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Assault on the citizenship and political participation of former slaves and others through Jim Crow laws, a legal system designed to maintain separation and justify discrimination against nearly freed and newly freed U.S. citizens, continued until adequate education was provided for former slaves and immigrants.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="border: medium none; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jim Crow laws continued into the 1960s in public education, employment, housing, justice, voting and all other aspects of American society. </span><span style="font-family: "times";">In the past, using skin color, race, ethnicity, gender, culture, language or other physical difference to determine how a person was treated made discrimination rather easy. Although separation, discrimination and treatment can still be seen along the lines of skin color, race, culture, ethnicity or language, these factors are not so easily identified in today's world with bi- and multiracial, biological, step, in-law, and extended families. It is not uncommon to find mix-raced families, exhibiting a variety of physical features and interracial relationships. In fact, not long ago, an elderly white man was stopped and questioned by police when they saw him walking his young black granddaughter home from school.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The United States, no longer comprised of homogeneous groups that keep their distance from each other, is the home of mixed groups of Jim Crow's children struggling to find identity in a nation that still struggles with questions of difference. This is not to say that there were no mixed-race people in the past. There were. The difference today is that the members of these families accept and acknowledge each other in a way they never could in the days of old Jim Crow. In fact, many ethnic people passed as white when their physical features allowed them to do so, hiding their true identities from new families, offspring, friends and the government.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>"Who was Jim Crow, anyway?" I asked my mother.</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>"That's a conversation for another day," she said.</i></span><br />
<br />
<br />
<div>
</div>
<span face=""><u>Be sure to read other conversations with my mother:</u></span><br />
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<li><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2015/04/what-is-race-part-i-conversations-with.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;" target="_blank"><b>What is Race? Part One</b></a></li>
<li><b style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2015/04/what-is-race-part-two-my-mother-race.html" style="font-family: arial; font-size: 12pt;" target="_blank">What is Race? Part Two</a></b></li>
<li><span face=""><b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2015/06/what-is-race-part-four-who-is-jim-crow.html" target="_blank">What Is Race? Part Four</a></b></span></li>
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<b style="background-color: white;"><span face=""><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">Sunny Nash</a></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="font-size: 12.8px;">Bigmama Didn't Shop </a></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="font-size: 12.8px;">at Woolworth's</a></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20"></a><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="font-size: 12.8px;">at Woolworth's</a></div>
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<span face="" style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;"><a href="https://sunnynashpressroom.wordpress.com/" target="_blank"><b>Su</b><b>nny Nash </b></a></span><br />
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<span face="" style="text-align: justify;">Sunny Nash is an author, producer, photographer and leading writer on U.S. race relations. </span></h4>
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<span face="" style="font-size: x-small;">Sunny Nash writes books, blogs, articles and reviews, and produces media and images on U.S. history and contemporary American topics, ranging from Jim Crow laws to social media networking. Sunny Nash is the author of <b><i>Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's</i></b> (Texas A&M University Press), about life with her part-Comanche grandmother during the Civil Rights Movement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face="">Sunny Nash’s book is recognized by the Association of American University Presses as essential for understanding U.S. race relations. </span><span face="">Nash's book is also listed in the Bibliographic Guide for black studies at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York; and recommended for Native American collections by the Miami-Dade Public Library System in Florida. Nash uses her book to write articles and blogs on race relations in America through topics relating to her life--from music, film, early radio and television, entertainment, social media, Internet technology, publishing, journalism, sports, education, employment, the military, fashion, performing arts, literature, women's issues, adolescence and childhood, equal rights, social and political movements--past and present—to today's post-racism.</span></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-85800086482445743242016-12-13T18:51:00.000-08:002016-12-13T18:52:45.968-08:00Set Priorities for the New Year<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong><em>Set priorities! Ac</em></strong></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong><em>hieve goals, ignite career, sell books, enjoy life!</em></strong></span></h2>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sunny Nash, Author-Journalist</td></tr>
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<i style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">New Year resolutions are </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">for other people. I set priorities that change as life changes to reach my goals.</span></i></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Yes, it is coming upon that time again--the Holidays, eating too much and never-to-be-kept New Year's resolutions that </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">do not work. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">When I first started my career, I made resolutions for everything from how many pages I would produce to how many query letters I would send out. Then I discovered resolutions were like promises--often made hurriedly to have something to recite at a New Year's Eve party or to my colleagues after the holiday--made to be broken. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">A popular new year resolution I hear people make, year after year, is to lose weight. Why? So you can fit into some long-out-of-style, ugly-by-current-standards outfit in the back of the closet? </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times";"><em><strong>Read what people have said about new year resolutions.</strong></em></span></h2>
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_1973252264"><b>NEW YEAR QUOTATIONS </b></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.quotegarden.com/new-year.html"><b>FROM THE QUOTE GARDEN </b></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Each day of the new year, I have a sub-set of my larger life or career goals, around which I set priorities for my day's activities. I continue this practice even as the year grows old. As a writer, I edit something or write a few new pages to be sure to further a project along each day. Usually, it is not my intention that day or any given day to finish anything, but I hope to push some work each day closer to the finish.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times";">Set priorities to make sense of your life.</span> </i></h3>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Setting Priorities</em></span><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "arial";">Resemble Scales </span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "arial";">Some Priorities Weigh </span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "arial";">More Than Others</span></em></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">Going through life without priorities must be like tumbling around in a vacuum cleaner with dust swirling all around your head. How does one organize dust? And who would want to? </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: large;"><b><i>One priority I carry from year to year is learning. </i></b></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">Without setting priorities, nothing much is possible, one reason for setting them and changing them as as life changes. I can't tell someone else how to live but I can tell you how I try to manage my goals and priorities. My goals and priorities include those elements that I know, enjoy and do not feel are a burden. However, I try to include the unfamiliar as a stimulant to increase my interest in the activity. The unfamiliar area makes me stretch my imagination and knowledge. Don't be afraid of research.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><em>Setting Priorities and Goals</em></span><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Helps Organize</span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thoughts and Plans</span></em></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I start with a detailed list of things I want to accomplish. From my detailed list, I extract a simpler working list, not written in concrete because I know I must remain flexible. Life requires flexibility. Setting priorities is an ongoing task that I edit and change as necessary</span>.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">One reason I write lists by hand on a piece of paper with a pen or pencil is that the writing exercise places me in direct </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">contact with my goals and priorities, making the process a very personal communication with my soul. The contact I feel between me and my list produces a certain </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">harmony of thoughts.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Many experts concentrate on steps to setting priorities. I try not to be too rigid. I use what I already do to try to help me accomplish my goals. Don't forget, priorities point toward a goal. </span><span style="font-family: "times";">A good place to start is with something you have completed </span><span style="font-family: "times";">and can build upon. The completed project can create a target audience and a niche for your </span><span style="font-family: "times";">efforts without your getting caught in a time bind.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Setting New Priorities </em></span><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "arial";">When Life Changes</span></em><br />
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<em><span style="font-family: "arial";"><strong>Getting Older</strong></span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "arial";"><strong>Medical Needs</strong></span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "arial";"><strong>Retirement</strong></span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "arial";"><strong>Finances</strong></span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "arial";"><strong>Domestic Status</strong></span></em><br />
<strong><em><span style="font-family: "arial";">Current Events</span></em></strong><br />
<strong><em><span style="font-family: "arial";">Personal Interests</span></em></strong><br />
<strong><em><span style="font-family: "arial";">New Project</span></em></strong><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Remember, there are reasons priorities must change. Some of the changes we can control and some we cannot. I started my journey through the land of priorities with my book, <em><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's</a></em>, which came from a compilation of my columns that were syndicated in some Hearst and Knight-Ridder newspapers, and Black Conscious Syndication in New York. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Being a writer makes it easier for me to change with my changing circumstances because, as my father says, "You use only a few muscles doing what you do." My father was a cattle rancher who worked physically all of his life. His </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">statement was not meant to offend me. He was only making an observation and a comparison of his livelihood to mine. Of course, he assured me that he would not trade places with me, after he spent an afternoon with me in the basement of a small-town county courthouse. "If I had to do this kind of work for a living," he said. "I guess all of us would have starved to death by now."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">I'm a writer. It is a natural goal to aim for finding my niche in the literary world, using themes from my current book and books that I am in the process of writing. I use these themes as guides for shaping my goals, setting priorities and marketing myself and my work. </span><span style="font-family: "times";">As new articles and other writing projects enter the scene, my daily writing priorities change to suit the new situation. If I earn a commission that has a deadline, then my priorities shift to accommodate that new finish line. Once projects are done, then I have more shifting to do. That's why I suggest you stay flexible in setting priorities.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">The main theme of my book, <em><strong><a href="http://www.facebook.com/bigmamadidntshopatwoolworths" target="_blank">Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's</a></strong></em>, is race relations in America,. The issue of race relations has directed my writing and research, and has won recognition from the American Association of University Presses </span><span style="font-family: "times";">(AAUP)</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> for its value as a book for understanding race relations in the United States. AAUP </span><a href="http://www.aaupnet.org/booksforunderstanding.html"><span style="font-family: "times";">Books for Understanding</span></a><span style="font-family: "times";"> is an ongoing project to spotlight university press books relevant to issues of the day, helping librarians, journalists, scholars and others find information. This designation garnered me a great deal of publicity I did not know how to use until I started looking seriously at priorities for reaching my goals. I was ready when the Miami-Dade Public Library System recommended the book for Native American Collections.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Race relations in America, which continues to be an issue in this country, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">is not just of interest to me and many others, but always of current relevance, no matter what the decade or the century. Raising questions on how we feel about our neighbors will always make great copy and could help us as a society to solve inequities as they pertain to race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, physical ability, age and all the rest. Because of my commitment to this theme, I have built a certain amount of my writing aspirations around human and race relations.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>for Empty </em></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Buses During</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Montgomery Bus Boycott</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">One area of interest to me is the pre-civil rights era, the period just before the 1960s broke into full action, the time when the racial waters were still being tested by people like <strong><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2013/01/rosa-parks-montgomery-bus-boycott-legacy.html" target="_blank">Rosa Parks</a></strong> when she refused to give up her seat on a bus and comply with segregation law in Jim Crow Alabama and started the Montgomery Bus Boycott. When the plan was still on the drawing table, no one in the NAACP knew exactly how things would turn out. African American civil rights officials had no idea that their plan would bring the Montgomery bus system to its knees when black people opted to walk in the rain rather than ride the segregated bus. But it all worked better than planned and still makes great copy</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Many </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">groups</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">gained</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">rights over the centuries and, through these efforts, we can better understand how the struggle for equity in human relations can be achieved. This topic gives me fertile material with which to work and build priorities. In fact, this struggle led me to the worldwide arena--The United Nations--to study and write. This became a priority shift as I realized there was so much about the world I did not know and needed to in order to write competently about global issues.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It is my desire that you find your fertile material, too. </span><span style="font-family: "times";">Certainly, race relations in America have changed and improved within the last century as laws have been written to prohibit </span><strong style="font-family: Times;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2011/02/rosa-parks-montgomery-bus-boycott-jim.html">Jim Crow</a> </strong><span style="font-family: "times";">behavior that discriminates against people, which was permitted b</span><span style="font-family: "times";">etween the Civil War and the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s. Jim Crow laws were a body of legislation designed specifically to undo positive legal strides black people made during Reconstruction after the Civil War. When this period ended in the 1870s, Jim Crow laws, also known as Black Codes, affected other people of color and people who were different from mainstream Americans.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times";">Some people do not change very easily and before they die they pass attitudes </span><span style="font-family: "times";">along</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times";">to their young. As I explore this subject of human and race relations, I relive events and times that still seem fresh to me. However, I have found new understanding and new language to express my feelings on issues still flowing close to my surface. Without preaching, I want to help others grasp the significance of the layers that make up race relations in America.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Below is a look inside <strong><em>Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's</em></strong></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Chapter Three, Summer Days</span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Essay, "Dinner At Aunt Shorty's" Page 69</span></div>
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<a href="http://ezinearticles.com/?expert=Sunny_Nash"><span style="font-size: small;">Sunny Nash - Ezine Author Expert</span></a></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">A tidy landscaped brick walk led to a shallow expanse of steps that framed a wraparound porch with floral-cushioned wooden furniture. A tall oval-glassed front door opened between columns supporting a balcony, behind whose small-paned French doors, was an upstairs sitting room where Aunt Shorty had kept an office when she was--as she called herself--a frontier businesswoman, operating her own profitable restaurant for more than thirty years. Low chandelier light reflected off matching china, crystal, and flatware. More elegant than pictures in any magazine I'd ever seen, the linen tablecloth, embroidered napkins, glowing candlesticks, and fresh flowers were arranged precisely. My grandmother wasn't nearly as impressed as I. Earlier in Bigmama's life, before she lost her fortune and was forced to sell her three hundred acres of prime Grimes County farmland for a fraction of its value, she'd had money and the good life, too.</span></em><br />
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Set priorities! Achieve your goals, ignite your career and enjoy your life</div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><strong>Buy</strong></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><strong></strong></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://tamuecfdev.qa.qinformation.com/PublicStore/product/Bigmama-Didnt-Shop-at-Woolworths,2640.aspx"><span style="color: #0074e8;"><strong>Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s </strong></span></a></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><strong><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-weight: normal;"><strong>by Sunny Nash</strong></span></strong></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIcf-WOoQById-H6C52BujM5T38xDmA48wd4JvxxDwbOCxMY28r1f-KYj2DBLtwBsZUk8v4nORA_6D8lQQZEWZ1DyDEsEX0YTCgg9_nEUamWsMXNSEccDb98pR3DB0oVt-dEx3-E-O9ic/s1600/Bigmama+Didn%2527t+Shop+At+Woolworth%2527s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's by Sunny Nash" border="0" ox="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIcf-WOoQById-H6C52BujM5T38xDmA48wd4JvxxDwbOCxMY28r1f-KYj2DBLtwBsZUk8v4nORA_6D8lQQZEWZ1DyDEsEX0YTCgg9_nEUamWsMXNSEccDb98pR3DB0oVt-dEx3-E-O9ic/s1600/Bigmama+Didn%2527t+Shop+At+Woolworth%2527s.jpg" title="Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's by Sunny Nash" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Bigmama Didn't</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Shop At Woolworth's</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>by Sunny Nash</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong><em>Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s</em></strong> can be purchased at all major bookstores, domestic and international. </span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Chosen by the Association of American University Presses as one of its essential books for understanding race relations in the United States, <em><strong>Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s</strong></em> by the award-winning author, Sunny Nash, is also listed in the Bibliographic Guide to Black Studies by the Schomburg Center in New York and recommended for Native American collections by the Miami-Dade Public Library System in Florida.</span></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Please read my subsequent posts to see how I am developing a line of social questioning on the topics that surround race relations in America using my book, <em><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's</a></em>.</span></span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><strong>Buy</strong></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: #333333;"><strong></strong></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://tamuecfdev.qa.qinformation.com/PublicStore/product/Bigmama-Didnt-Shop-at-Woolworths,2640.aspx"><span style="color: #0074e8;"><strong>Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s</strong></span></a></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial"; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #0074e8;"><strong> </strong></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: black;"><strong><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-weight: normal;"><strong>by Sunny Nash</strong></span></strong></span><br />
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©<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">2016 Sunny Nash.</span> <strong><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">All Rights Reserved Worldwide.</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.sunnynash.blogspot.com/"><strong><span style="text-decoration: none;">www.sunnynash.blogspot.com</span></strong></a> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial unicode ms";">~Thank You~</span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-34519291856604555942016-11-30T12:27:00.000-08:002016-11-30T12:30:11.438-08:00Rosa Parks, Jim Crow Laws & Young Black Hollywood<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<strong><em>Rosa Parks, the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the media helped change Jim Crow laws and opened film roles for today's young black Hollywood actors.</em></strong></h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQpfUrdpIbQKjrjkYBSG_JK4X9TlN0F_HokV4E7aNXnOstcBm7YY0wiwThv9JIfFwLNmy2L434P8n-ChulHKxW_6yo3WyLQ9CuAyQGLd1PA6YALjEwieUvMv_rr1G2a4OTFHUh0xqJomI/s1600/Rosa+Parks+going+to+court+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="Rosa Parks (1913-2005) Going to Court after Arrest The Montgomery Bus Boycott " border="0" height="168" i8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQpfUrdpIbQKjrjkYBSG_JK4X9TlN0F_HokV4E7aNXnOstcBm7YY0wiwThv9JIfFwLNmy2L434P8n-ChulHKxW_6yo3WyLQ9CuAyQGLd1PA6YALjEwieUvMv_rr1G2a4OTFHUh0xqJomI/s200/Rosa+Parks+going+to+court+2.jpg" title="Rosa Parks (1913-2005)" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Rosa Parks (1913-2005) </span></em><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Going to Court a</em><em>fter Arrest</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>The </em><em>Montgomery Bus Boycott </em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Before Rosa Parks sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955, U.S. race relations retained subservient roles for black Americans and spilled the practice into all aspects of Jim Crow life, ranging from the Jim Crow Hollywood film industry to the back seats on Jim Crow buses.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">After Rosa Parks, however, Jim Crow Hollywood and Jim Crow America were<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> forced to change their portrayal and treatment of African Americans in film and in real life. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiGTtMcbC-yEqQGbV1XQVlcFCQEJne-ibTRGLpeHgmDDW8Lf7QlgB7RCbJmRZygbJVJCvWGritgDrfJfSDFeWESIi2BdRut7NnX-3st67mkZ9Cz-JJZS5V0e2FteV07eHK8Tm8BmWNaObq/s1600/Brandon+T.+Jackson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Brandon T. Jackson" border="0" height="200" rea="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiGTtMcbC-yEqQGbV1XQVlcFCQEJne-ibTRGLpeHgmDDW8Lf7QlgB7RCbJmRZygbJVJCvWGritgDrfJfSDFeWESIi2BdRut7NnX-3st67mkZ9Cz-JJZS5V0e2FteV07eHK8Tm8BmWNaObq/s200/Brandon+T.+Jackson.jpg" title="Brandon T. Jackson" width="163" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><a href="http://www.fandango.com/brandontjackson/filmography/p442846" target="_blank">Brandon T. Jackson</a></em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><em>Filmography </em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Looking at the history of Jim Crow Hollywood, one sees that Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Woolworth Sit-ins, Lena Horne, Sidney Poitier and many paved the path for today's young black Hollywood stars--Zoe Kravitz; Evan Ross, son of entertainer, Diana Ross; Keke Palmer; or Brandon T. Jackson--all among today's hottest young black Hollywood stars, according to </span><a href="http://www.nextmovie.com/blog/black-history-month-stars/"><strong><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Next Movie</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Because of civil rights activists, events, protests, lynching and other related violence of the Jim Crow past, America has a young black Hollywood community that may look physically similar to the young black Hollywood community of past decades. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The difference between the present black Hollywood and the black Hollywood of the past lies in the roles today's young black Hollywood actors are allowed to play on screen, behind the cameras and in executive positions. Some young black stars are not only starring in major motion pictures, but they are also participating in the creation, financing, distribution and promotion of their projects.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiZb_8Owyyb6M8fuHKFTJB27JMIjwIhobdoG4p-5fmJXg21Rhf8Hocrt6VPYvKmG_ihoxY4x_SxaC47Y4LURYQF_0vYx_lfwhNNijDNpTn1XOy53jYhv7Ne9sggsjB6ltw6BbLxA7ut04X/s1600/Zoe+Kravitz.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Zoe Kravitz" border="0" height="200" rea="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiZb_8Owyyb6M8fuHKFTJB27JMIjwIhobdoG4p-5fmJXg21Rhf8Hocrt6VPYvKmG_ihoxY4x_SxaC47Y4LURYQF_0vYx_lfwhNNijDNpTn1XOy53jYhv7Ne9sggsjB6ltw6BbLxA7ut04X/s200/Zoe+Kravitz.jpg" title="Zoe Kravitz" width="136" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2368789/" target="_blank"><em><span style="font-family: "arial";">Zoe Kravitz</span></em></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Zoe Kravitz, who emerges from a Hollywood heritage, is third generation black Hollywood. Her father is singer-songwriter-actor Lenny Kravitz; her mother is actor, Liza Bonet; her grandmother was actor Roxie Roker; and her cousin is NBC's Al Roker. Although Zoe Kravitz is </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">mixed racial heritage and identifies herself also as a secular Jew, in the Jim Crow Hollywood film industry of the past, she would have been cast in the same manner as mixed-race actor, Lena Horne, and other black actors of the time.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Also on the 20-something-year-old and younger Next Movie Hollywood's 9 Hottest Young Black Stars list are: Gabourey Sidibe; Donald Glover; Jaden Smith, son of actors, Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith; Tessa Thompson, Katerina Graham and Kali Hawk with a lot of film real estate between their careers and Jim Crow Hollywood history preceding them.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Before many of the young black Hollywood stars came onto the scene or were even born, the late Whitney Houston made the crossover to major motion pictures in <strong>The Bodyguard </strong>20 years ago, co-starring with Kevin Costner, also available on Blue-Ray. Not the first African American actor to do so, Houston brought black-white romance in film to the mainstream in a way that had not captured the public since Sidney Poitier starred in <strong>Guess Who's Coming to Dinner<img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=sunnas-20&l=as2&o=1&a=B000TXP56C" height="1" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><em> </em></strong> 45 years ago. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">With her powerhouse, gospel-inspired voice and acting skill, Whitney Houston gave the world a new way to partake of entertainment, giving her the juice to bridge race relations in America and throughout the world with her recorded music, which is now her legacy, </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/s/?_encoding=UTF8&redirect=true&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&rd=1&creative=390957&field-keywords=whitney%20houston%20i%20will%20always%20love%20you&url=search-alias%3Ddigital-music&sprefix=whitney%2Cdigital-music%2C615" target="_blank"><strong><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Whitney Houston MP3 Download Page</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times";">Rosa Parks played an integral role in the history of black Hollywood, in that she helped to change the way African Americans were seen in the United States and the way blacks were eventually cast in Hollywood films. In fact, <strong><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2011/03/rosa-parks-life-behind-legend.html" target="_blank">The Rosa Parks Story</a></strong> by Angela Bassett, co-producer and star, invites the viewer to examine the relationship between Rosa Parks and America under Jim Crow laws. This film and others like it show how ground was broken for young black Hollywood actors.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://c382262.r62.cf1.rackcdn.com/9780807828434.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://c382262.r62.cf1.rackcdn.com/9780807828434.jpg" height="320" width="210" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://gan.doubleclick.net/gan_click?lid=41000613802463762&pid=UBM9780807828434&adurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdsbooksdvds.com%2Fproduct.jhtm%3Fsku%3DUBM9780807828434&usg=AFHzDLuw4rLbYT9PYCoDXU4Q5zRVK-4LhQ&pubid=543932" rel="nofollow"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Sidney Poitier: Man, Actor, Icon <br />by Goudsouzian, Aram [Hardcover] <br />(Google Affiliate Ad)</b></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Unfair casting of actors with dark skin did not change until after the 1960s Civil Rights Movement and even then roles were reserved for actors who fit a certain mold, such as Bahamian American actor, Sidney Poitier, because he didn't sound black. Poitier was the first black male actor to win an Oscar, <em>Lilies of the Field </em>(1963), the same year that President John F. Kennedy was assassinated. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The nation nor Hollywood would ever be the same. Americans were devastated for the most part but there were some who rejoiced at the death of the president they held responsible for so much change.</span></div>
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"<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The movie in which Poitier made the biggest splash was <em><strong>Guess Who's Coming to Dinner</strong></em> in 1967, also starring<span class="osl" style="color: black;"> <span style="color: black;">Spencer Tracy and</span><span style="color: black;"> Katharine Hepburn, about the interracial marriage of their fictional daughter, played by Katharine Houghton.</span></span><span style="color: black;"> This was a first in American cinema, a black man playing the love interest of a white woman.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">There was much more to Stanley Kramer's film, <strong><em>Guess Who's Coming to Dinner</em></strong>, than black-and-white romance. This happened to be Spencer Tracey's last performance before his death and Katharine Hepburn won an Oscar for her performance. What the film did at the time of its release and continues to do over the years is provide teachable moments in the study of racism and prejudice. The white parents do not think of themselves as racists, but the father is reluctant about the marriage of his daughter to a black man and the black parents have reservations about their son marrying a white woman.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE5jSDmrU0_fd6pRqnfybe6yYj17pZZaBfWkjx9EXh88gc1rxQfK8ZKdui1HMCg3SG64TS1mCKK_oNnrDQ83HBdOVzvb6Z-P1E73ZbJgj0WrbN9tm-Di2fykZI4fhUYfKF8i0_5vP6uCY/s1600/virginia+v+loving.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Mildred and Richard Loving, Loving v. Virginia" border="0" i8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE5jSDmrU0_fd6pRqnfybe6yYj17pZZaBfWkjx9EXh88gc1rxQfK8ZKdui1HMCg3SG64TS1mCKK_oNnrDQ83HBdOVzvb6Z-P1E73ZbJgj0WrbN9tm-Di2fykZI4fhUYfKF8i0_5vP6uCY/s1600/virginia+v+loving.jpg" title="Mildred and Richard Loving " /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.571428298950195px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Mildred and Richard Loving </em></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Press Conference<br />After U.S. Supreme Court Ruling</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Interracial Marriage Legal in</em></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em> Loving v. Virginia</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">The year <strong><em>Guess Who's Coming to Dinner</em></strong> debuted on January 1, 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court in a June 12, 1967, vote of 9-0 ,declared that all legal restrictions on marriage, based on race, to be </span><span style="font-family: "times";">unconstitutional in the United States of America. </span><span style="font-family: "times";">The Lovings won their case for the nation. Read the</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> Time/CNN article by <span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Christopher Shay at: <a href="http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1996028,00.html#ixzz1KSnTGFSc"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Time Magazine</em></span></a>.</span></span><br />
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Before Rosa Parks, the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Civil Rights Movement helped to change Hollywood, roles for black actors were negative.</span></i></b></h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7rDvMvYfBvGAjRPGYg374hvtwe7uo-HrRKj1VCduBy2VJXO0AYHugMCrj-gAeiagy-fkAiKWjLgGBeU4-w83j0bkRpW-8jh90jrwozc9tdmtgS7pzL-VWXD5xFMdc6r4tXW-FpHr7aC8/s1600/Stepin+Fetchit.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Lincoln Theodore Monroe Andrew Perry (1902–1985) aka Stepin Fetchit Academy Motion Picture Arts & Sciences" border="0" height="169" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7rDvMvYfBvGAjRPGYg374hvtwe7uo-HrRKj1VCduBy2VJXO0AYHugMCrj-gAeiagy-fkAiKWjLgGBeU4-w83j0bkRpW-8jh90jrwozc9tdmtgS7pzL-VWXD5xFMdc6r4tXW-FpHr7aC8/s200/Stepin+Fetchit.jpg" title="Lincoln Theodore Monroe Andrew Perry (1902–1985) aka Stepin Fetchit Academy Motion Picture Arts & Sciences" width="200" /></a> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><strong>Lincoln Theodore Monroe </strong></em></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><strong>Andrew</strong></em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><strong>Perry</strong> (1902–1985) </em></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>aka Stepin Fetchit </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Academy </em></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Motion Picture Arts & Sciences</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In pre-civil rights America, on stage and screen, African Americans had specific places in plots--insignificant and menial places--maids, nannies, butlers or goofy looking dancing drunken fools who moved awkwardly and spoke with an impediment--reflecting roles black persons were expected to play in American life. This was the condition that slavery caused to descend upon Americans with dark skin or descendants of dark-skinned people, whether they were African Americans or other people of color.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Amazon's Publishers Weekly reviews Mel Watkins' <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B003FCVFTU/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399373&creativeASIN=B003FCVFTU"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><strong><em>Stepin Fetchit: The Life & Times of Lincoln Perry</em></strong></span></a> <em>(Kindle Edition) <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1400096766/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=1400096766"><strong>Stepin Fetchit: The Life & Times of Lincoln Perry</strong></a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=sunnas-20&l=as2&o=1&a=1400096766&camp=217145&creative=399369" height="1" style="border: medium none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /> (softcover) </em>"...After breaking into films and working with luminaries like Will Rogers, he fought for treatment and salaries similar to his white co-stars...Hollywood pegged him as a troublemaker...Once the Civil Rights movement demanded more positive black images in the media, Stepin Fetchit became an embarrassment." <img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=sunnas-20&l=ur2&o=1" style="border: medium none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /> Stepin Fetchit audio, digital and print later in post. To read Kindle books, as well as do a lot more,<span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B0051VVOB2/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399373&creativeASIN=B0051VVOB2"><strong><em>Kindle Readers</em></strong></a><img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=sunnas-20&l=as2&o=1&a=B0051VVOB2&camp=217145&creative=399373" height="1" style="border: medium none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /> are available to suit an array of reading and browsing needs.</span></span><br />
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"><i>Hollywood was more interest in the bottom line than following Rosa Parks into the Montgomery Bus Boycott and civil rights.</i></span></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Roles for black actors did not trouble the industry as they did some black people. Working people like Rosa Parks saw the movies and were growing tired of what they had to endure and tired of seeing black actors being used as no more than props in a scene, sometimes no more important to the plot than a piece of furniture. Or if there was a more important role to be played by the black actor, the role amounted to no more than an object of amusement to the audience. The transformation is remarkable from the real personality of Lincoln Theodore Monroe Andrew Perry<em> (above right)</em> to his screen persona of Stepin Fetchit. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgUPnI9HhWePPTv55sKx1QAOxCH2ZtNWP0CQ6ugJljEFcNuY4F6ZmVGSde3MpgqaVqSYxvO2K1u7yid1TFZ-HK4GOyNkyeiHzLKotaXzDZOPcIL6tjGnm6adifUFk28bZsO6Xn9Q5Ksug/s1600/Stepin+Fetchit+%2526+Will+Rogers+The+County+Chairman+Fox+1935.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Stepin Fetchit & Will Rogers" border="0" height="140" j8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgUPnI9HhWePPTv55sKx1QAOxCH2ZtNWP0CQ6ugJljEFcNuY4F6ZmVGSde3MpgqaVqSYxvO2K1u7yid1TFZ-HK4GOyNkyeiHzLKotaXzDZOPcIL6tjGnm6adifUFk28bZsO6Xn9Q5Ksug/s200/Stepin+Fetchit+%2526+Will+Rogers+The+County+Chairman+Fox+1935.jpg" title="Stepin Fetchit & Will Rogers" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Stepin Fetchit & Will Rogers, </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><strong>Country Chairman</strong> 1935</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>STORY OF WILL ROGERS/PROJECT </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>20-20 BY ROGERS,WILL (DVD) </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Stepin Fetchit was a two-man minstrel act Perry created for vaudeville performances. By the1920s, he retained the name and went solo to Hollywood with his subservient character and landed a studio contract playing easily frightened, goofy, slow-moving roles. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The studio relegated Florida-born Perry to lazy aimless looking roles, careful to keep his humanity hidden. He had no choice if he wanted to act in the movies.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Will Rogers hired black actors for his movies, but the roles stayed true to the Jim Crow laws of the land.</i></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The first black actor credited with roles not intended exclusively for black audiences, Perry said he played the roles because they were only roles and did not represent who he was, defending his position by saying, Chaplin's portrayal of <em>the tramp</em> on film did not make him or all Englishmen tramps. Before Perry died, black militants blamed him for his on-screen portrayals of African Americans.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times";">Although Perry had been intelligent about his career, creating a popular film character and becoming the first black actor to attain millionaire status, he was not smart with money, spending his salary as fast as he earned it. He died in poverty after bankruptcy and several illnesses. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Although Perry had protested for equal treatment in Hollywood, his characterization did little to advance the image of African Americans, including Rosa Parks, a schoolgirl at the time.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSLklfvD7keRqj6GSmqeEfmIvj8OhGtn9rrBUuGcpI77qigS43BYAm7GLQ6tGmZRcVxl5RZvjkaCK9eh8NuWo67FbXtZwfetylyQdVKeW5SiaI6wfFPOnw-Ckut2L7gkQeMmcOaf7ogmE/s1600/Judge+Priest.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="Hattie McDaniel & Will Rogers" border="0" height="146" j8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSLklfvD7keRqj6GSmqeEfmIvj8OhGtn9rrBUuGcpI77qigS43BYAm7GLQ6tGmZRcVxl5RZvjkaCK9eh8NuWo67FbXtZwfetylyQdVKeW5SiaI6wfFPOnw-Ckut2L7gkQeMmcOaf7ogmE/s200/Judge+Priest.jpg" title="Hattie McDaniel & Will Rogers" width="200" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Hattie McDaniel & Will Rogers </span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">1934</span></em></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Former minstrel and vaudeville performer, Hattie McDaniel, was the first black woman to sing on radio. In </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1934, she sang with Will Rogers in <strong><em>Judge Priest</em></strong> that became a Will Rogers movie. McDaniel played the maid. Stepin Fetchit was also credited as a star in the movie, playing his usual shiftless style. Hattie McDaniel is said to have made the most of a comical servant role. Rosa Parks was 21 when this movie opened.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Hattie McDaniel was the first African American to win a Best Supporting Oscar in the movie, <span style="color: #ffff99;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><em><strong><em><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Gone with the Wind</span></em></strong>,</em></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> based on Margaret Mitchell's Pulitzer Prize winning novel. </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">English actress-dancer, Vivien Leigh, won an Oscar for Best Actress that year in her role as Scarlett O'Hara in <strong><em>Gone with the Wind</em></strong>.</span></span><span style="font-family: "times";"> Rosa Parks was 26 at this time and firm in her belief in racial equality, having faced racism and discrimination her entire life.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLLJjJlM1Se6jKlPbzc7_r5EApYwu3DvvJGcNNxi11XCF2JEnEc4q_jie1TkC0q0AEbYL50gT3mzdM6dLmh-7JF4KIEDAWxomb8aZIHQ-NbJ_E1PmEkXm8hYHm-ukbrCKVe2qQVL6DT2c/s1600/Hattie+McDaniel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Hattie McDaniel (1895-1952) Receives Oscar From Fay Bainter (1939)" border="0" height="320" i8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLLJjJlM1Se6jKlPbzc7_r5EApYwu3DvvJGcNNxi11XCF2JEnEc4q_jie1TkC0q0AEbYL50gT3mzdM6dLmh-7JF4KIEDAWxomb8aZIHQ-NbJ_E1PmEkXm8hYHm-ukbrCKVe2qQVL6DT2c/s320/Hattie+McDaniel.jpg" title="Hattie McDaniel (1895-1952) Receives Oscar From Fay Bainter (1939)" width="260" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><em><b>Hattie McDaniel <span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9.5pt;">(1895-1952)</span></b></em></span><br />
<em style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>1939 </b></em><b><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Oscar </em></span><em><span style="font-family: "arial";">Presented by Fay Bainter</span></em></span></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Hattie McDaniel: Black <br />Ambition , White Hollywood <br />by Watts, Jill</b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Black actresses made parts more substantive, which Hattie McDaniel did with her role as Mammy in <em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00004RF96/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=B00004RF96"><em><strong>Gone with the Wind</strong></em></a><em><strong><img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=sunnas-20&l=as2&o=1&a=B00004RF96&camp=217145&creative=399369" height="1" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /> </strong>(DVD or Rent Instant Video) </em></em>In spite of their efforts, these black actresses were still without lives of their own on screen. There are a number of books in various formats, and digital and DVD versions of </span><em><strong><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Gone with the Wind</span></strong></em><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong><em>. </em></strong>At the end of this post are links to <strong><em>Gone with the Wind</em></strong>,<strong><em> </em></strong>books and other media.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Taking its cues from Jim Crow laws and southern tradition, Hollywood was unfair in casting black actors. </span><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In Jill Watts' book describes how McDaniel </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">became educated, elegant, articulate and political, went to Hollywood and won an Academy Award in 1939 for her role as a nanny, a role that typecast her and ruined her career ambitions. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">McDaniel, whose parents were former slaves, was born one year before the landmark 1896 case, <em>Plessy v. Ferguson</em>, that sanctioned the legalization of discrimination and racial segregation in the United States. This case threw the doors open for Jim Crow laws, rise of the Ku Klux Klan and increased lynching of African Americans and other people of color. </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">As a child, McDaniel knew no other life than segregation and understood she had to find a path to a good life. Based on inferiority that emerged after <em>Plessy v. Ferguson</em>, a path would not be easy. She left school and followed her father and brothers into show business where the rest would become history. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">McDaniel made 40 films portraying servants to white families, roles that were played out on screen, on stage and on the real streets of Jim Crow America, both North and South, in the days before the modern Civil Rights Movement.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Purchase </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em></em></span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/081086018X/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399373&creativeASIN=081086018X"><strong><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Butterfly McQueen </em></span></strong></a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/081086018X/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399373&creativeASIN=081086018X"><strong><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Remembered</em></span></strong></a><strong></strong><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><strong><img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=sunnas-20&l=as2&o=1&a=081086018X&camp=217145&creative=399373" height="1" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></strong> (softcover).</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Besides the award-winning performances of Hattie McDaniel and Vivien Leigh, <strong><em>Gone with the Wind</em></strong> spawned several memorable performances, including Clark Gable as Rhett Butler and Butterfly McQueen as the maid, Prissy. Formally trained as a dancer and actress, Florida-born, Butterfly McQueen played Scarlett O'Hara's maid, Prissy, in <strong><em>Gone with the Wind</em></strong>, the highest grossing and most controversial movie of its time.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Butterfly McQueen (1911-1995) </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>& Joan Crawford </em></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>in <strong>Mildred Pierce</strong></em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Limited to parts as servants, McQueen took roles that paid </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">bills but did not challenge the mindset of executives avoiding financial consequences in the South.</span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">McQueen quit the movie business several times out of the frustration. of having to spend her film career playing maids, while industry executives continued to cast black actresses in demeaning roles that did not compete with white actresses. </span><span style="font-family: "times";">For many years, complexion, hair, facial features and body types were considered when casting female roles. Black actresses were cast as servants in the households of white families where their appearance was contrasted to that of the white female lead.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the commercially successful 1945 movie, <a href="http://fan.tcm.com/_Butterfly-McQueen-A-Hidden-Heroine/blog/829022/66470.html?b="><em><strong>Mildred Pierce,</strong></em> with Joan Crawford, McQueen</a>'s uncredited role as the maid set a slightly new standard of human qualities for African Americans. This effort did not break up stereotypical casting. It took several more decades before the practice was abandoned.</span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIll8cAJgxj8fr1vBx0WhGQjbEZgl8_YE4efhc19-70imsznzg8KAmpI5iD2rz3SbIyQstUtaT3QbpWSMJ94AxHrl2YQk8uy-a7uBDnOapjLfU6e17vCJMKfqZW7rgWwvBZXM3we_YGTA/s1600/Parks+Nixon+Fred+Gray.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Rosa Parks, E.B .Nixon, Fred Gray, Montgomery Bus Boycott" border="0" height="320" j8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIll8cAJgxj8fr1vBx0WhGQjbEZgl8_YE4efhc19-70imsznzg8KAmpI5iD2rz3SbIyQstUtaT3QbpWSMJ94AxHrl2YQk8uy-a7uBDnOapjLfU6e17vCJMKfqZW7rgWwvBZXM3we_YGTA/s320/Parks+Nixon+Fred+Gray.jpg" title="Rosa Parks, E.B .Nixon, Fred Gray, Montgomery Bus Boycott" width="298" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Rosa Parks, E.B .Nixon, President Montgomery</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>NAACP </em></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>& Fred Gray, NAACP Attorney</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times";">African Americans like Rosa Parks knew what these casting decisions meant. Helpless to change them, they understood messages meant for white and black Americans, the same messages being given in everyday life: black people playing the roles and living lives Although all the signs were still in place, things were changing in America</span></span>.<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">When McQueen appeared in the movie, Rosa Parks had been secretary for the Montgomery NAACP since 1943. People had become tired of seeing movies by Willie Best and others who seemed to downgrade the race.</span><br />
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Hollywood studio executives knew that scenes with black actors would be unmercifully cut out of their movies if the black actor was shown too respectfully or appeared in a scene on equal ground with a white actor. In most cases, the movie that was deemed unsuitably cast was not leased for showing in southern theaters, losing the studio money. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The tactic of casting black female actresses as maids, cooks, nannies and caretakers of white families and their children also affected the roles that nearly white, black actresses could get.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh814faUk98HzY6-TaP1V-zS162P07RGodYfSQEqhNdr8fuUhlhXQMmTWzv8GnqCD95tfTY8BD8hg4SV6O4HLqPs3ZdMNhcCes9P8zUv2SScvkZLBzdkKb2KKsq4_1qMQW90kOFLEMc3UI/s1600/cabin+in+the+sky.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Ethel Waters, Eddie "Rochester" Anderson & Lena Horne " border="0" height="142" i8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh814faUk98HzY6-TaP1V-zS162P07RGodYfSQEqhNdr8fuUhlhXQMmTWzv8GnqCD95tfTY8BD8hg4SV6O4HLqPs3ZdMNhcCes9P8zUv2SScvkZLBzdkKb2KKsq4_1qMQW90kOFLEMc3UI/s200/cabin+in+the+sky.jpg" title="Ethel Waters, Eddie "Rochester" Anderson & Lena Horne " width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Buy <strong><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000BNTMAA/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=B000BNTMAA"><strong><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Cabin in the Sky</span></em></strong></a></strong> (1943) DVD</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Ethel Waters, Eddie "Rochester"</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Anderson </em></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>& Lena Horne </em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Unlike Ethel Waters, Lena Horne refused to play servants, stipulated in her contract, causing a rift between Horne and Waters, who knew her paycheck depended on servants' roles and resented Horne for thinking she was too good to play a maid and perhaps too glamorous to be treated like black performers. The rift between the two deepened as Waters felt threatened by Horne's presence. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">According to Horne's biography, <strong><em>Stormy Weather, the life of Lena Horne</em></strong>, by James Gavin, "Horne had forgotten an older pioneer, Ethel Waters, who had watched in pain as Horne came along and grabbed the spotlight." Black Hollywood was in transition as younger performers came onto the scene, many with elevated expectations, leaving older actors feeling betrayed, forgotten and left behind.</span> <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-KsUkyGNkbXfxK40MHXlOLdHDo4OPEVxhyphenhyphennFYhjeWn3-vIc8D8DT9OBwaPaNWhKPWauOjlJDRv_S50B3jisrBsecVe2uqCs2WAglMlCJ4pXvGIzIhVyH0f8keUdehbDKNOyJS_txfUQw/s1600/Lena+Horne+%2526+Lennie+Hayton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Lena Horne & Lennie Hayton" border="0" j8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-KsUkyGNkbXfxK40MHXlOLdHDo4OPEVxhyphenhyphennFYhjeWn3-vIc8D8DT9OBwaPaNWhKPWauOjlJDRv_S50B3jisrBsecVe2uqCs2WAglMlCJ4pXvGIzIhVyH0f8keUdehbDKNOyJS_txfUQw/s1600/Lena+Horne+%2526+Lennie+Hayton.jpg" title="Lena Horne & Lennie Hayton" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Lena Horne & Lennie Hayton</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Married in 1947</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Like the changing of the guard, younger actors entered the ranks and performers like <b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/08/ethel-waters-jim-crow-television.html" target="_blank">Ethel Waters</a></b> and her contemporaries became part of yesterday's Hollywood. The youngsters broke all the old rules, like dating and marrying out of their races, trying to move into <em>white only</em> Hollywood neighborhoods, changing the types of roles they would play and getting racial equality on screen and off. All of these, mostly unsuccessful attempts at the time to break into mainstream acceptance, frightened the old timers. Born the year that <em>Plessy v. Ferguson</em> was decided, Ethel Waters only knew segregation and had no reason to think it would ever change. So, she simply accepted the servants' roles and whatever treatment Hollywood dished out to its black talent.</span> <br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx4k0sdSbHPrZRTzPhzXSGzSjdbYQsBsSEjdMK9XgEC62vbY7XinJ6RqTvP1IhnIIUsBHryNBPjMjNN0Ijm_cKDgU0-DxcISAc_w-DxzmWU1Zf-FMJ75q6ig1wTcQG3VIYGu1s6ro2eRE/s1600/Rosa+Parks+-+Booking+Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Rosa Parks Booking Photo Montgomery Bus Boycott" border="0" height="176" j8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx4k0sdSbHPrZRTzPhzXSGzSjdbYQsBsSEjdMK9XgEC62vbY7XinJ6RqTvP1IhnIIUsBHryNBPjMjNN0Ijm_cKDgU0-DxcISAc_w-DxzmWU1Zf-FMJ75q6ig1wTcQG3VIYGu1s6ro2eRE/s200/Rosa+Parks+-+Booking+Photo.jpg" title="Rosa Parks Booking Photo Montgomery Bus Boycott" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Rosa Parks Booking Photo</em></span><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "arial";">Montgomery Bus Boycott</span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "arial";">December 1, 1955</span></em></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Black Americans like Rosa Parks--four years older than Lena Horne and of a similar racial heritage--</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">prepared for social change differently through organized actions to benefit larger goals than satisfying personal or financial desire. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The year Lena Horne married white orchestra leader, Lennie Hayton, the first Freedom Riders took buses through the South. This followed the 1946 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that it was </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt;">unconstitutional for black passengers to be forced to sit in the backs of buses traveling from state to state, while white passengers sat in front. To test the new ruling, a group of black and white passengers boarded buses in 1947 for the <em>Journey of Reconciliation</em> but were arrested in North Carolina and could not complete the journey.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In spite of social and political changes, e</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">xecutives knew movie distribution to Jim Crow theaters would be interrupted if the Southern image of how black persons should be portrayed on screen was not upheld. No mixing of the races or equality in relationships would be tolerated in the South. Two of Lena Horne's biggest complaints with her contract with M-G-M Studios was that the studio would not give her real acting roles with white actors and her romances with white men had to be cloaked in secrecy.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times";">Race relations in Hollywood was an issue that was closely tied to the Cold War in the 1940s and 1950s. During that period, the U.S. Government studied the situation through its various agencies: FBI, CIA and the .House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), which carried out, among other things, investigations of the Hollywood film industry executives, writers, actors and other performers and talent to determine their connections with communism. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOnTqz6FFKGxahKiwvEmwzBQaqBOWA-oGjK9USUvWEBe3a_zSR9fLf70NALdtOdpInt3n7eCBtcw8PyfToQ0mgNXt44mu_9fFocajd-yozfYUkGaJpV5gHpVJVj6POZMkKWCMeX6RJ0Gc/s1600/Lena+Horne+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Lena Horne (1917-2010)" border="0" height="200" i8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOnTqz6FFKGxahKiwvEmwzBQaqBOWA-oGjK9USUvWEBe3a_zSR9fLf70NALdtOdpInt3n7eCBtcw8PyfToQ0mgNXt44mu_9fFocajd-yozfYUkGaJpV5gHpVJVj6POZMkKWCMeX6RJ0Gc/s200/Lena+Horne+2.jpg" title="Lena Horne (1917-2010)" width="186" /></a> </td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Lena Horne (1917-2010)</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Lena Horne was the first black star with an M-G-M (1942) Studio contract. Even though Horne was referred to by some as a white black woman because of her look and sound, hardly any of her scenes survived southern theater operators and the studios found it difficult to cast her, except as a singer who interacted with no other actors on film, except black ones</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Movie executives were baffled as to what to do with Lena Horne as a studio commodity who had a more mainstream than African American appearance, although there was no mistaking that she was a black woman and had to be treated as such. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times";">Further, light-skinned black actresses like Lena Horne could not be cast in movies, such as the 1951 </span><strong style="font-family: Times;"><em>Show Boat</em></strong><span style="font-family: "times";">, even if roles called for a bi-racial appearance because white and black actors did not share scenes as equals in early Hollywood. Interaction between characters of different races was prohibited. Therefore, mulatto Julie in </span><strong style="font-family: Times;"><em>Show Boat</em></strong><span style="font-family: "times";"> could not have been played by a black actress. Bi-racial characters went to white actresses to prevent the interaction of whites and blacks. Mixed-race couples were not permitted on screen or off by Hollywood studios, a policy mirrored in American society.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnowzQJCOu9vE2x6uubvYCinKj5I7-P9VAGC4D9_XWMOVgpOnK4CQQM8OxU4bmtAFGuGB8-LGFOYLiw0tEWtSgyzwHv1Y-iLpKjfOtZAjXTospOLKFmCcQiq1U9Gon_Ni1iBBAJOlSsbQ/s1600/Ava+Gardner.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Ava Gardner (1922-1990)" border="0" height="200" i8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnowzQJCOu9vE2x6uubvYCinKj5I7-P9VAGC4D9_XWMOVgpOnK4CQQM8OxU4bmtAFGuGB8-LGFOYLiw0tEWtSgyzwHv1Y-iLpKjfOtZAjXTospOLKFmCcQiq1U9Gon_Ni1iBBAJOlSsbQ/s200/Ava+Gardner.jpg" title="Ava Gardner (1922-1990)" width="171" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Ava Gardner (1922-1990)</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">Although the black community disagreed with the studio choice of Ava Gardner, to play mulatto Julie in <strong><em>Show Boat,</em></strong> the movie was a hit for M-G-M, which was the bottom line in the industry. Race relations had never been the focus in casting, one way or the other. It was always about the money. <span style="font-family: "times";">From Amazon Description: "This version of <strong><em>Show Boat</em></strong> was released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1951. It is one of the finest movie musicals ever made and was the second biggest money maker of all films released in 1951." Both movie versions of <strong><em>Show Boat</em></strong> (1936 & 1951) had been based on a 1927 musical stage play.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvHa1pV8RcEdnEKjm0PpdTCWW6PrGNlL1f2w0lN1ZEVseIXqwk0LMiREft2AxTxndhEBQ4tkiPJnUZF380zNjbRkLEBS9S6xpmty59R2Lu03TAtweYAfd2h-Uu7AI3VshKPIa6HpAMy3c/s1600/Libby+Holman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Libby Holman (1904-1971)" border="0" i8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvHa1pV8RcEdnEKjm0PpdTCWW6PrGNlL1f2w0lN1ZEVseIXqwk0LMiREft2AxTxndhEBQ4tkiPJnUZF380zNjbRkLEBS9S6xpmty59R2Lu03TAtweYAfd2h-Uu7AI3VshKPIa6HpAMy3c/s1600/Libby+Holman.jpg" title="Libby Holman (1904-1971)" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Libby Holman (1904-1971)</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">In the stage production, mulatto Julie was played by Jewish actress, Libby Holman, who became active in the Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. Read the article, <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="siteHeadline"><u><a href="http://new.jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=2198">The turbulent career of the torch singer and political activist Libby Holman</a></u> b</span></span><span class="siteSubHeaderText">y Sam Boardman-Jacobs.</span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG5BipOqB6959Fzn4Lql4xcCrYRRoAcNytPHX_mm2JhWxc5vfFkCmn8TR-31pRD2mSbzaS1gmfAQ2ZlFkRwuINWI0a6deF0YWwjmMKwxjz9F-NROKjELHQznV9BC1WzU-pXHKWUcQexqk/s1600/Lena+Horne%252C+Ava+Gardner%252C+Stevie+Wondwer+%252784.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Ava Gardner, Stevie Wonder & Lena Horne (1984)" border="0" height="143" i8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjG5BipOqB6959Fzn4Lql4xcCrYRRoAcNytPHX_mm2JhWxc5vfFkCmn8TR-31pRD2mSbzaS1gmfAQ2ZlFkRwuINWI0a6deF0YWwjmMKwxjz9F-NROKjELHQznV9BC1WzU-pXHKWUcQexqk/s200/Lena+Horne%252C+Ava+Gardner%252C+Stevie+Wondwer+%252784.jpg" title="Ava Gardner, Stevie Wonder & Lena Horne (1984)" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Ava Gardner, Stevie Wonder </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>& Lena Horne (1984)</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">White actresses played bi-racial roles in both movie versions of the Fannie Hurst novel, <strong><em>Imitation of Life</em></strong> (1934 & 1959) and also the movie, <strong><em>Pinky</em></strong>, all of which were filmed during the Jim Crow era of American history. This was the case in <strong><em>Show Boat</em></strong>, for which Lena Horne's close friend, Ava Gardner, was chosen to play the bi-racial lead, Julie, instead of Horne, who was further angered when the studio darkened Gardner's skin for the bi-racial role with Max Factor <em>Dark Egyptian</em>, a makeup developed for Horne's tawny complexion. Making the situation harder to accept was the fact that Horne had already played the part of Julie in a production of <strong><em>Till the Clouds Roll By</em></strong> in 1946. The studio choice of Ava over Lena did not spoil the friendship between the actresses.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Discouraged, Horne returned to New York where she felt more at home. Continuing to perform concerts worldwide, Horne complained of racist treatment she received in many areas of the nation, including the Deep South, the West and the Northeast. Horne's light complexion did not insulate her from discrimination.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">About <strong><em>Stormy Weather, the life of</em><span style="font-family: "times";"> <em>Lena Horne</em></span></strong> by James Gavin from Publishers Weekly: ...much of Horne's perpetual frustration stemmed from the racism black entertainers faced in the pre–civil rights era. MGM glamorized her as a darker version of its white starlets, but gave her small roles and singing cameos that Southern theaters could conveniently excise. © <em>Reed Business</em></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieXVIIZfXmomAoJmWQhnmx9VSOYNnvns-iU0tne2OSust4-917Gd2gGbmoj6Knfv-lga60HIX0_OlxF6k_5Eir0Bx6eGSYMB0_TfAlV3qomjCoGNSgwcpF713zhS1O-kI178GMiSJGBXM/s1600/Ethel+Waters%252C+Pinky.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Jeane Crain & Ethel Waters (Pinky 1949)" border="0" height="150" i8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieXVIIZfXmomAoJmWQhnmx9VSOYNnvns-iU0tne2OSust4-917Gd2gGbmoj6Knfv-lga60HIX0_OlxF6k_5Eir0Bx6eGSYMB0_TfAlV3qomjCoGNSgwcpF713zhS1O-kI178GMiSJGBXM/s200/Ethel+Waters%252C+Pinky.jpg" title="Jeane Crain & Ethel Waters (1949)" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Jeane Crain & Ethel Waters </em>(1949) </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Purchase <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00066FAOE/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399369&creativeASIN=B00066FAOE"><strong><em>Pinky DVD</em></strong></a><strong><em><img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=sunnas-20&l=as2&o=1&a=B00066FAOE&camp=217145&creative=399369" height="1" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></em></strong></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Without offending racist attitudes, many black actors made the best of the demeaning roles they were forced to play and managed to make good money doing so. In the movie <strong><em>Pinky</em></strong>,<strong><em> </em></strong>white actress, Jeane Crain, plays the mixed-race granddaughter of the character played by Ethel Waters. In this movie, both casting practices are illustrated--bi-racial roles going to white actresses and black actresses are cast as servants.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmVMzAahgZDp2HBUOTLFKLJ78ivffZ_9I3_nyvwfzqxQ2OzTNwaj6DfIsFAAmP4L9On3TTCi8-R61GZsEoh3lnV-X_UKFZzT8hVenvkQBEfGBRwLTeXhiNaR5mWZ_WNgwyfY8XbRXWEPg/s1600/Dorothy+Dandridge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Dorothy Dandridge (1922-1965)" border="0" height="200" j8="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmVMzAahgZDp2HBUOTLFKLJ78ivffZ_9I3_nyvwfzqxQ2OzTNwaj6DfIsFAAmP4L9On3TTCi8-R61GZsEoh3lnV-X_UKFZzT8hVenvkQBEfGBRwLTeXhiNaR5mWZ_WNgwyfY8XbRXWEPg/s200/Dorothy+Dandridge.jpg" title="Dorothy Dandridge (1922-1965)" width="173" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Dorothy Dandridge (1922-1965)</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">We must remember, had it not been for the perseverance of these courageous black actors and actresses, we would not have the modern Hollywood of today that is much more inclusive than the Hollywood of the 1930s, 1940s, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> 950s and 1960s.</span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">A<span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #ffff99;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">ctress-singer, Dorothy Dandridge, </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: #ffff99;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">who made her film debut in the 1950s, was the first black actress to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Award for her 1954 role as <strong><em>Carmen Jones</em></strong>.,o</span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ne year before Rosa Parks made her protest in the Montgomery Bus Boycott. I<span style="font-family: "times";">n 1999, </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times";">Academy Award winning actress, Halle Berry, played </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Dorothy Dandridge in the movie for television, <strong><em>Introducing Dorothy Dandridge</em></strong>. </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Capturing the appearance of the late star, Berry portrays the life of Dandridge during the dark days of pre-civil rights America when Dandridge was in an interracial marriage trying to survive in segregated Hollywood.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Buy <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/redirect.html?ie=UTF8&location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fs%3Fie%3DUTF8%26ref_%3Dnb_sb_ss_i_1_33%26field-keywords%3Dintroducing%2520dorothy%2520dandridge%2520dvd%26url%3Dsearch-alias%253Ddvd%26sprefix%3Dintroducing%2520dorothy%2520dandridge%2520dvd%23&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=ur2&camp=1789&creative=390957"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong><em>DVD</em></strong></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=sunnas-20&l=ur2&o=1" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></em></span></em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><strong>Introducing<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Dorothy Dandridge</em></span></strong></em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Amazon Review by Sean Axmaker..."but the electrifying stage chanteuse and dancer was forbidden to even enter the nightclubs and show rooms she performed in except from the stage. As portrayed by Halle Berry <em>(right),</em> who shepherded Dandridge's story to the screen, Dandridge is a sure, insistent star who battled racist studios and Jim Crow laws to maintain her dignity in public while stumbling through a private life marked by bad relationships and abusive lovers. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Berry gives her best performance to date."</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott directly crossed paths with Hollywood in 2002 when Angela Bassett co-produced and starred in a TV movie about Rosa Parks. Visit </span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2011/03/rosa-parks-life-behind-legend.html" target="_blank">Rosa Parks and Jim Crow Laws in Black Hollywood </a></span></b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">to read, see photographs of the real Rosa Parks, Angela Bassett as Rosa Parks and the movie trailer. Also read and view photos at: </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2013/01/rosa-parks-montgomery-bus-boycott-legacy.html" target="_blank"><strong>Rosa Parks, Montgomery </strong><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt;"><strong>Bus Boycott & Jim Crow</strong></span></a>. </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Eartha Kitt (1927-2008) </em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Singer-Actress-</em></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Dancer.</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the 1960s, Eartha Kitt, like Lena Horne ten years her senior, refused to play subservient roles in Hollywood films, on Broadway or on television. Considered by the industry as a crossover artist, Kitt's roles were mostly in movies with African American casts until 1967 when she was cast as <strong><em>Batman</em></strong>'s<em><strong> </strong><span style="font-family: "times";">Cat Woman</span></em>, an appropriate choice since she was recognized as an American sex kitten, exhibited in her rendition of her 1953 Christmas hit, <em>Santa Baby</em>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Even the <em><span style="font-family: "times";">race movies</span></em>, however, wanted black actresses for their films with good looks, an air of superiority and light skin, believing these women set a high beauty standard for ordinary women to emulate and ordinary men to ogle. "I couldn't compromise on playing nigger parts," Kitt told <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ebony</i>'s Richette Haywood, in spite of the rarity of truly dynamic roles available for black actresses in the mid-fifties.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Ruby Dee (1924- )</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In 1946, Ruby appeared in her first movie, Love in Syncopation, and continued to star in film and television through the 1950s and 1960s. In many of her roles, she was a maid, but also played Rachel Robinson in the 1950 Jackie Robinson Story, worked in St. Louis Blues in 1958, starring Nat King Cole, featuring Cab Calloway, Eartha Kitt and Ella Fitzgerald. Dee debuted on TV in the 1960s in the soap opera, Guiding Light, and the series, Peyton Place </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(ABC, 1966-69) as the wife of an affluent black doctor. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ruby Dee appeared in a film version of <strong><em>A Raisin in the Sun</em></strong> released by Columbia Pictures featuring the original Broadway cast, including Sidney Poitier and Ruby Dee, for which she won the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress.Nominated eight times for Emmy awards, she and won in 1991 for the TV movie, Decoration Day. In 2007, she was nominated for an Oscar and won a Screen Actor's Guild Award for her role in American Gangster</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, starring Denzel Washington.</span></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9.5pt;">Diahann Carroll </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9.5pt;">1935 - )</span></em><span style="font-size: 9.5pt;"></span></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 9.5pt;">& TV Son, Marc Copage</span></em></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times";"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt;">Although it was Ruby Dee who broke into network television in the early 1960s, it was in 1968 that Diahann Carrol starred as Julia Baker, a widowed mother, in the television series, <em><strong>Julia</strong></em>. This was a real victory in the African American community. For the first time in television history, the star of the show was a black women who held a profession</span></span><span style="font-family: "times";"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt;">al position and was not a wife or a maid. Julia was an independent, articulate and educated young mother taking care of her son in America. This was a giant step in race relations in America.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times";"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt;">The nation sighed collectively. Some Americans were elated. Others were saddened. Regardless, the nation was finally ending its Civil War and entering a promising future that President Abraham Lincoln had made possible, but was not to witness. A</span></span><span style="font-family: "times";"><span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt;"> few months after <strong><em>Julia</em></strong> debuted, the nation lost Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., who had led the Montgomery Bus Boycott that was sparked by Rosa Parks. A few months after that, Robert F. Kennedy was also the target of an assassin's bullet. But the bell for equality had been rung and it would have been impossible to un-ring that historic bell.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51xH0DjFBzL._BO2,204,203,200_PIsitb-sticker-arrow-click,TopRight,35,-76_AA300_SH20_AA278_PIkin4,BottomRight,-52,22_AA300_SH20_OU01_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Rosa Parks: A Biography (Montgomery Bus Boycott)" border="0" src="http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51xH0DjFBzL._BO2,204,203,200_PIsitb-sticker-arrow-click,TopRight,35,-76_AA300_SH20_AA278_PIkin4,BottomRight,-52,22_AA300_SH20_OU01_.jpg" hda="true" height="200" title="Rosa Parks: A Biography" width="200" /></a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B005I1EPXE/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399373&creativeASIN=B005I1EPXE"><strong><span style="color: #336699; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Rosa Parks: A Biography (Greenwood Biographies)</span></strong></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong><span style="color: #336699;"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=sunnas-20&l=as2&o=1&a=B005I1EPXE&camp=217145&creative=399373" height="1" style="border: medium none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></strong> <strong>Kindle - </strong><i>Rosa Parks: A Biography</i> captures the story of this remarkable woman like no biography has before, examining the scope of Rosa Parks, from birth in 1913 in Tuskegee, Alabama, to 1943 enrollment in the Montgomery NAACP to the dramatic events of the 1960s, and her work up to her death in 2005. Each chapter provides an exploration of a period in Parks's life, portraying the people, places, and events that shaped and were shaped by her. Readers will see in Parks, not an inadvertent tripwire of history, but a woman whose lifelong struggle against racism led her inexorably to a moment where she took a courageous stand by sitting down and not moving.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Singer-actress, Ethel Waters, also limited to servants' roles, was </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the first black Hollywood superstar. She made her name and her fortune playing servants and had no problem with making her money that way. These were the only roles available to her and the roles that kept her working and making top dollar for a black actress.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">According to Amazon Product Review, Ethel Waters is almost forgotten: "Although she was arguably the most influential female blues and jazz singer of the 1920s and 1930s, as well as a major black figure in 20th century theatre, cinema, radio and television, she is now the least remembered. In </span><strong style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><em>Ethel Waters: Stormy Weather</em></strong><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">, Stephen Bourne documents the career of this monumental figure in American popular culture, offering new insights into the work of this forgotten legend. Supplemented by fourteen photographs, this biography leaves little doubt as to why--for decades--no other black star was held in such high regard."</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><strong><a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_621342623">Bigmama Didn't Shop </a></strong></em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><strong><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">At Woolworth's</a></strong></em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>by Sunny Nash</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sunny Nash is the author of <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399373&creativeASIN=0890967164"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong>Bigmama Didn't Shop at Woolworth's</strong></span></a>, a family memoir about life with her grandmother, Bigmama, before and during the Civil Rights Movement. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">Nash has work in the African American National Biography by Harvard and Oxford; African American West, Century of Short Stories; Reflections in Black, History of Black Photographers 1840 - Present; Ancestry; Companion to Southern Literature; Texas Through Women’s Eyes; Black Genesis: A Resource Book for African-American Genealogy; African American Foodways; Southwestern American Literature Journal; The Source: guidebook to American genealogy; Bibliographic Guide to Black Studies; Interdisciplinary Journal for Germanic Linguistics; Ebony Magazine; Hidden Sources: Family History in Unlikely Places; and others.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: "arial";"><strong>Related Articles</strong></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><strong>by Sunny Nash</strong></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><strong><em><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2010/11/race-relations-in-america-southern.html">Race Relations in America & Southern California</a></span></em></strong></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><strong><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2011/02/rosa-parks-montgomery-bus-boycott-jim.html">Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott & Jim Crow</a></span></em></strong></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><strong><em><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2010/12/race-relations-in-america-woolworths.html">Race Relations in America, the Woolworth’s Sit-ins</a></em></strong></span><br />
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-84026382947767824762016-11-20T18:58:00.013-08:002021-02-15T19:16:12.386-08:00Rosa Parks, Montgomery Bus Boycott & Jim Crow<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<form action="http://www.google.com" id="cse-search-box"><strong><em><span style="background-color: #444444; color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rosa Parks challenged Jim Crow laws, igniting the Montgomery Bus Boycott, when she refused to give up her seat and set the tone for the Woolworth's sit-ins four years later.</span></em></strong><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black;"></span></form>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em>Rosa Parks </em></span><em><span style="font-family: "arial";">after Montgomery </span></em><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "arial";">Bus Boycott </span></em><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em>1956</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">On December 1, 1955, a beautiful, smart, high-school educated, hard-working, 42-year-old seamstress, named Rosa Parks, boarded a bus after work. Like every weekday, she sat down on a seat designated 'black seating.' Stop to stop, the bus filled, leaving no vacancies in the white section. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The bus driver, familiar with this situation, ordered Rosa Parks to move from her seat to allow more seating for white passengers.</span></div>
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<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-color: initial; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-style: none; border-top: medium none; border-width: medium; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Rosa Louise McCauley, born in 1913 and raised on her grandparents' farm in Alabama, was accustomed to inferior social treatment since she was a child, long before the start of the modern Civil Rights Movement began. In fact, Rosa Parks went on to become known as </span><i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">The Mother of the Civil Rights Movement</i><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In order to get an education, Rosa Parks walked to school because the same Jim Crow laws that prevented her from attending white schools in Alabama, also prevented her from riding the school bus when she was a young student. The school buses were not permitted to transport black students in the Jim Crow South. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Below is a video sketch of the education of Rosa Parks, an excerpt from a YouTube Biography Channel program.</span></div></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong><em>Jim Crow laws were in effect <span style="font-family: "times";">from 1876 to 1965. </span></em></strong></span><strong><em><span style="font-family: "times";">For more videos on race relations in America, </span></em></strong><strong><em><span style="font-family: "times";">Subscribe to my YouTube Channel, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/iksunny">iksunny</a>.</span></em></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rosa Parks eventually went back and finished high school after she married Raymond Parks, who also encouraged her to join him in working with the Montgomery National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). </span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em>Sign: <strong>No</strong></em></span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em><strong> Spanish or Mexican</strong></em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rosa Parks wanted more opportunity. A person of color who had been denied decent treatment by society all of her life, Parks had finally had enough and refused to move when the bus driver ordered her to another seat. I can only imagine what must have been going through the mind of a woman who was fed up with it. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">recognized </span>the fed-up expressions on the faces of my mother, grandmother, father and others I knew when I had seen them in similar situations.</span></div></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Again, the bus driver ordered Rosa Parks to move to another seat in his attempt to enforce a Jim Crow law that mandated racial segregation of all public and private facilities and <em>separate but equal</em> facilities for customers, clients, students, patrons, patients and passengers who were black or people of color.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em>Segregated Alabama Bus</em></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em>Source: Birmingham Public Library</em></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em>Via: National Public Radio</em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jim Crow laws required blacks to give up seats to whites, as needed, determined by bus drivers. If whites were standing because their section of the bus was filled, the driver corrected the situation by ordering black riders to move from their seats to allow whites to sit instead. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times";">When Rosa Parks would not move from her seat, </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the bus driver haled a policeman to assist him in the matter.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times";"><div style="text-align: left;">I was six when the Montgomery Bus Boycott began. I knew about it because the Nash family took newspapers from all over the country and they explained to me what was going on. "It's a way of life that is ending," my mother said. "Nothing personal, just the end of a way of life. Are you ready?" I had a vague notion of what this meant but not really.</div></span>
<br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times";">My family tried to protect me from the harshest of it all. There were places we didn't go. And that, I learned later, was to avoid the shame of it all. My mother only took me to segregated places that were absolutely necessary to my life--the doctor, bus station, movies, school and other public facilities where my presence was needed. We didn't eat out very often because restaurants required us to enter through a rear door, sit in an inferior location or walk up to an outdoor window to order and receive food. My cousin, Joyce, reminded me the other day that at the bus station in her home town required African Americans to eat their orders in the baggage room at discarded desks retrieved from a local school.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em><strong>Bigmama Didn't Shop </strong></em></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em><strong>At Woolworth's</strong></em></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em>by <a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/about-sunny-nash.html"><strong>Sunny Nash</strong></a></em></span></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the excerpt below from “Movies—Not Just Black-and-White,” one of the essays in my book, </span><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html"><strong><em><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s</span></em></strong></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, I write about the first time my mother took me to lunch and the movies. It was about to rain that Saturday afternoon but my young mother agreed to take her little daughter to the movies anyway:</span></div></span></div>
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<span lang="EN"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><em>Without reply, my mother dug into her tiny cloth coin purse and paid. Time passed as slowly as it could before her change and our food arrived. “Y’all can’t eat in here,” the cook said. Without a word, my mother grabbed my hand and dragged me to the back door. As we stood outside and ate in silence, I thought I saw a tear sparkle on my mother’s cheek as the day’s last sunlight stroked her face. </em></span></span><span lang="EN"><span lang="EN"><em><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">With a few drops of rain falling on us, we took the short walk to the Palace Theater and stood at the ticket window outside the main lobby. The aroma of buttered popcorn floated through the little round hole in the glass where the ticket woman worked. To avoid getting wet in the shower, the moviegoers dashed through a glass front door into a dry, comfortable lobby filled with tiny white lights, velvet draperies, and red carpet. By the time my mother and I got our tickets, big drops of rain were splashing down on our heads. With her hair heavy with water, sliding into her face, my mother dug into her tiny cloth coin purse and paid. The little blue door on the outside of the theater slammed us inside the darkest place I’d ever been—like a coffin, I thought, holding my mother’s hand.</span></em></span></span> <br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em><strong><a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1gLxvcwAXwsjgf_Fh7xxo7BTC20ccg70XT0RRzGqWoFs/edit?hl=en_US&pli=1#">Littie Nash</a></strong></em></span></td></tr>
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<br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">My mother, Littie Nash, wrestled with Jim Crow racism during the 1950s and 1960s, while giving me the life of a little princess with imagination and without the luxury of having a lot of money...Littie, the </span><b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/10/jim-crow-laws-stage-mother.html" target="_blank">ultimate stage mother</a></b><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">, did not waste compliments on me or anyone else. She reserved accolades to celebrate real accomplishments, not just because I dragged myself out of bed before noon on Saturday or because I made an 'A' on my report card. "Some things you have to do," she said. "And those things pass, not without notice, but without an all-day hullabaloo."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">To support my efforts, my mother sponsored piano, ballet, tennis and swimming lessons, dance performances, recitals, literary and classical music club memberships, summer camps, school trips and science fair exhibits, still managing to squeeze out of our tight budget money for the dentist to install braces on my teeth. It took a great deal of courage to live with dignity and raise me to have aspirations. About my upbringing, Littie got it right, although I took detours of my own along the way. Read more at: <strong><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2011/08/my-beautiful-stage-mother.html"><span style="color: purple;">Great Mothering in Jim Crow's World </span></a></strong> </span></div>
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<br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong>AS EARLY AS 1943</strong>, Rosa Parks refused to board the bus using a rear entry, the door for black bus riders. Parks and her mother had always refused to enter the bus through the rear door, while other black riders bad to use the rear door. Rosa Parks had challenged Jim Crow bus policy in Montgomery twelve years before she boarded the bus on December 1, 1955, and started the Montgomery Bus Boycott. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Nine months before the boycott</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, 15-year-old Claudette Colvin was dragged off a Montgomery bus by police, handcuffed and jailed o<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">n March 2, 1955</span>. Her case, got little notice and no support. Review and purchase Claudette Colvin at links on left. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";"></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">On December 1, 1955</span>, ordered by the bus driver to move, Rosa Parks refused. Did she </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">make the decision alone? In her words, she says, <em>we waited so long to make this protest,</em> indicating the protest was decided, not by herself, but in concert with others. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Why was Rosa Parks chosen to spark the boycott? Was it because she had a history of protest? Was it because she worked with the NAACP? Was it because she was part of a larger plan? </span></div></span>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"The only thing that bothered me," Parks said. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Was that we waited so long to make this protest."</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span></i></h4>
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<br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">“People always say that I didn't give up my seat because I was tired,” Rosa Parks wrote in her autobiography, “but that isn't true. I was not tired physically, or no more tired than I usually was at the end of a working day. I was not old, although some people have an image of me as being old then. I was forty-two. No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.”</span></div>
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<em><span style="font-family: "arial";">& </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "arial";">Pilot Training Programs</span></em><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/07/sojourner-truth-aint-i-woman.html" target="_blank">Rosa Parks</a></b> was arrested, fingerprinted and paid a fine of fourteen dollars for refusing to follow bus driver’s orders, but was not jailed. Parks called Rev. E.B. Nixon, president of the Montgomery NAACP, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">a group with which Parks had worked diligently for some time as<span style="color: black;"> youth leader. </span>Nixon called the Washington D.C. NAACP, a group that decided "to move on it today." </span><span style="font-family: "times";"> Read below to see that there was more to Rosa Parks's interest in the Civil Rights Movement than integrating buses.</span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rev. A. Philip Randolph and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., were brought into the Montgomery Bus Boycott quickly to organize efforts.</span></div></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Asa Philip Randolph, born in 1889 in Florida, studied in New York and formed the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in 1925; helped form the Fair Employment Practices Committee; and threatened to organize a protest in Washington against discrimination in the armed forces and defense industries in the 1930s and 40s. In 1955, he joined the AFL-CIO executive council and was vice president in 1957. Randolph helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington. He died in 1979.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times";"><strong><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2013/01/martin-luther-kings-education.html" target="_blank">Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.</a></strong>, was in his mid-twenties at the time of the boycott, and had been the pastor at Dexter St. Baptist Church in Montgomery for only a short time when he became the official leader of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, which led him to later become the leading figure in the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in the United States.</span> <br /></i>
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<em><span style="font-family: "arial";"><strong><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/03/martin-luther-king-i-have-dream.html" target="_blank">I Have a Dream</a></strong></span></em></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">On December 5, 1955, the Montgomery Bus Boycott officially began. Signs and fliers announced to those who did not agree with policy that they should not ride. Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King, Jr., and 91 others were prosecuted for starting the bus boycott.</span></div>
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<div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-color: initial; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-style: none; border-top: medium none; border-width: medium; text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Because two-thirds of the bus riders in Montgomery were black, the NAACP was well aware that this bus boycott would strike a serious blow to the financial condition of the bus system.</span> <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The black population of Montgomery at the time was about 40,000. If the entire black population participated in the boycott along with whites who were supporting the boycott or those trying to avoid trouble, then the total participation could have exceeded 50,000, which was the estimate of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). More on the MIA later.</span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the dead of winter, most people around the nation were beginning to prepare for their annual shopping traditions, gift selecting and wrapping rituals, rich and savory family holiday dinners. While Christmas and all the celebrations were in the air, Montgomery bus riders tackled the weather in coats, hats, scarves and rain gear. But they stayed off the buses. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Montgomery citizens lost jobs, either because they couldn’t get to work or they were fired out of hostility. Non-the-less, they simply refused old racist treatment. Following Rosa Parks and her courageous action, people used carpools and walked to work and every other place they had previously ridden buses. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Many </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">white citizens were against the Montgomery Bus Boycott. It threatened racial <em>status quo</em>. What is slow to be revealed is that some white sympathizers tried to participate in the boycott by providing black workers rides to work. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Some say this seemingly generous action was selfish on the part of whites who wanted the work done.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Whites, along with blacks who were providing rides during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, were refused taxi permits to prevent them from carrying passengers in their private vehicles. When these white drivers provided rides anyway, they were harassed by Ku Klux Klan members who were often law enforcement and just as often their neighbors. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Identified as bus boycott affiliates, black and white drivers reacted nonviolently. The Klan, however, turned violent, bombing the homes of Martin Luther King, Jr. and E.B. Nixon.</span> </div></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT2tSPo8QEZw4SU6OFC6pmyJ06M5B8F8iOvE53qL2T4mBWoArDsNuirS5_yo0S6MBFb2Pu5NWxPMOngm4PndT6rvFj_b_rnc38Ge1RHD-iGcSDOtuakDixh1LHaIWD2Q3OMKvety8kd_M/s1600/Rosa+Parks%252C+MLK+meeting.jpg" style="clear: right; cssfloat: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Photo: Martin Luther King MIA Meeting, Rosa Parks in Front Row" border="0" h5="true" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjT2tSPo8QEZw4SU6OFC6pmyJ06M5B8F8iOvE53qL2T4mBWoArDsNuirS5_yo0S6MBFb2Pu5NWxPMOngm4PndT6rvFj_b_rnc38Ge1RHD-iGcSDOtuakDixh1LHaIWD2Q3OMKvety8kd_M/s200/Rosa+Parks%2C+MLK+meeting.jpg" title="Photo: Martin Luther King MIA Meeting, Rosa Parks in Front Row" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em>Martin Luther King</em></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em>Conducts MIA Meeting</em></span><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "arial";">Montgomery Bus Boycott</span></em></span></td></tr>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">MIA was organized specifically to address the needs of the bus boycott. This predominately black community group was made up of blacks and whites with a basic goal of improving race relations in Montgomery, Alabama. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman";">Martin Luther King, Jr., (<em>right</em>) conducts an MIA meeting in 1955. Rosa Parks is seated in the front row.</span></span></div></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em>Black Montgomery Bus Boycotters Boarding Bus </em></span><br />
<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"><em>Through Front Entry after Supreme Court Decision</em></span><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "arial";">Rosa Parks Leading the Way</span></em></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote in his book, <strong><em>Stride Toward Freedom</em></strong>, "with a mixture of anxiety and hope, I read these words: 'The United States Supreme Court today affirmed a decision of a special three-judge U.S. District Court in declaring Alabama's state and local laws requiring segregation on buses unconstitutional. The Supreme Court acted without listening to any argument; it simply said 'the motion to affirm is granted and the Judgment is affirmed. At this moment my heart began to throb with an inexpressible joy. The darkest hour of our struggle had indeed proved to be the first hour of victory."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">After her husband Raymond died, Rosa Parks co-founded the <a href="http://www.rosaparks.org/"><strong>Rosa and Raymond Institute for Self Development</strong></a>, in February 1987 with Ms. Elaine Eason Steele, in honor of Raymond Parks (1903-1977), "the living legacy of two individuals who committed their lives to civil and human rights."</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rosa Parks is a hero, we all agree. Without her bravery and commitment, race relations in America would not have progressed at the speed it did. Parks, however, had a great deal of assistance in changing the the Jim Crow South. We have to remember in our quest for education on the civil rights era that there were churches, organizations and lots of people involved. Many individuals, who began with one sentiment, ended up with a totally different view of race.</span><span style="font-family: "times";"><span style="font-family: "times";"></span></span></div></span>
<span style="font-family: "times";"><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times";">What I now know that I did not know as a child is that many white people also felt burdened by that way of life, some of whom grew up a few blocks from me and attended separate schools but, later, became my closest friends. They were children back then, just like me, inheritors of the tradition. These were the same people who joined the marches, broke the old hiring rules and changed their minds after generations of careful conditioning by family and society.</span><span style="font-family: "times";"></span></div></span></div>
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<img alt="Sunny Nash author of bigmama didn't shop at woolworth's" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZHcNSs5PkiLnmltwUyQ90HdbTVPZSa79Fg3M8GKT7JcSPzlIKlrBNzNdnJbm0k5rV159ynaQaSXRIPVrILlAZjLq8rmyrZb9_n-ToY8rDrNPQenwvGInVhpJhHJZ7iwpWYI7RgT3MQCTK/s1600/Sunny+Nash+HEADSHOT+4.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Sunny Nash" /></div>
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;"><a href="https://sunnynashpressroom.wordpress.com/" target="_blank"><b>Su</b><b>nny Nash </b></a></span><br />
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<span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif" style="text-align: justify;">Sunny Nash is an author, producer, photographer and leading writer on U.S. race relations. </span></h4>
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<div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Sunny Nash writes books, blogs, articles and reviews, and produces media and images on U.S. history and contemporary American topics, ranging from Jim Crow laws to social media networking. Sunny Nash is the author of </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i>Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's</i></b><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif"> (Texas A&M University Press), about life with her part-Comanche grandmother during the Civil Rights Movement.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: white;"><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Sunny Nash’s book is recognized by the Association of American University Presses as essential for understanding U.S. race relations. </span><span face=""arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif">Nash's book is also listed in the Bibliographic Guide for black studies at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York; and recommended for Native American collections by the Miami-Dade Public Library System in Florida. Nash uses her book to write articles and blogs on race relations in America through topics relating to her life--from music, film, early radio and television, entertainment, social media, Internet technology, publishing, journalism, sports, education, employment, the military, fashion, performing arts, literature, women's issues, adolescence and childhood, equal rights, social and political movements--past and present—to today's post-racism.</span></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-29133622298159425132016-11-18T17:08:00.000-08:002016-11-18T17:08:11.289-08:00Rosa Parks & the Montgomery Bus Boycott Legacy<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;">Rosa
Parks challenged Jim Crow laws and sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott, launching
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<i style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: Times, Times New Roman, serif;">What would they think of the nation they left behind?</span></i></h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIrr6mcx98Ik-tfWR732EJAKOzjtQqOiyddq0uSSqKbZgbLJYL9cuodQklhw6z4n1Np2JRU-Gt92RAptzoaltWaDcBKU_TS9NHcaak13GpKsGa_5h0g5n_gldsg6U4XFKo_MQ6-xYSD74/s1600/Rosa+Parks+on+Bus.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Photo: Rosa Parks on bus after Montgomery Bus Boycott" border="0" h5="true" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIrr6mcx98Ik-tfWR732EJAKOzjtQqOiyddq0uSSqKbZgbLJYL9cuodQklhw6z4n1Np2JRU-Gt92RAptzoaltWaDcBKU_TS9NHcaak13GpKsGa_5h0g5n_gldsg6U4XFKo_MQ6-xYSD74/s200/Rosa+Parks+on+Bus.gif" title="Photo: Rosa Parks on bus after Montgomery Bus Boycott" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Photo: Rosa Parks </em></span><br />
<em><span style="font-family: "arial";">Montgomery </span></em><em><span style="font-family: "arial";">Bus Boycott</span></em></td></tr>
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<strong><em><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rosa Parks challenged Jim Crow laws, igniting the Montgomery Bus Boycott in 1955.</span></em></strong></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">When Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to white male bus rider, she quietly set the nonviolent tone used by Martin Luther King, Jr., in his nonviolent protest methods that left quite a legacy for both of these civil rights activists. The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, including the Woolworth Sit-ins and Freedom Riders, were modeled on this nonviolent tone.</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">Rosa Parks, was born on February 4, 1913, one hundred years ago, a</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"> child of Jim Crow laws</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">.</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"> </span></i></h3>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="Photo: Martin Luther King (podium) Rosa Parks (center)" border="0" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUz_6qZBn3lyCpxFVi27vNy0n8HJ5eed7lqHla8O5FOoCkgUFhnVU15Qz-sUraubSSAu55MEaVd57NyIBuK1fpRzCb4ZjeGBBkwC9oFxRJ_UPAG5eVU3HY9VbW5D5f4_MDgvsqf0lC1k5c/s320/Rosa+Parks,+MLK+meeting.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Photo: Martin Luther King (podium) Rosa Parks (center)" width="320" /></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Photo: Martin Luther King (podium)<br />Rosa Parks (center)</span></span><br />
<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Montgomery Bus Boycott</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rosa Parks was raised by her grandparents on their' farm in rural Alabama near Tuskegee. The modern Civil Rights Movement had not begun at the time of her birth and her future chief partner in the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King, was not yet born</span>.<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">After their arrest for inciting the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King formed the Montgomery Improvement Association to raise funds to administer the boycott. Administration of the Montgomery Bus Boycott included transportation to work and school for those who had previously ridden buses; money to bail bus boycott participants out of jail; and legal fees.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In order to get an education, Rosa Parks had walked from her grandparents' farm to the nearest <i>colored</i> school because the same Jim Crow laws that prevented her from attending white schools in Alabama, also prevented her from riding the school bus when she was a young student. School buses for white students were not permitted to transport black students during the era of Jim Crow laws. Therefore, she and her classmates had to walk in all kinds of weather, as did the participants of the Montgomery Bus Boycott.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Below is a video sketch of the education of Rosa Parks, an excerpt from a YouTube Biography Channel program.</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong><em>Jim Crow laws were in effect <span style="font-family: "times";">from 1876 to 1965. </span></em></strong></span><strong><em><span style="font-family: "times";">For more videos on race relations in America, </span></em></strong><strong><em><span style="font-family: "times";">Subscribe to my YouTube Channel, <a href="http://www.youtube.com/user/iksunny">iksunny</a>.</span></em></strong></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rosa Parks eventually went back and finished high school after she married Raymond Parks, who also encouraged her to join him in working with the Montgomery National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Sign: <strong>No</strong></em></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><strong> Spanish or Mexican</strong></em></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rosa Parks wanted more opportunity. A person of color, she had been denied decent <span style="font-family: "times new roman";">treatment</span> by society all her life, had had enough and refused to move when the bus driver ordered her to another seat. I can only imagine what must have gone through the mind of a woman fed up. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">recognized </span>the fed-up expressions on the faces of my mother, grandmother, father and others I knew when I had seen them in similar situations.</span><br />
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0766024636/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0766024636&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.727272033691406px;" target="_blank"><b>Tired of Giving </b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0766024636/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0766024636&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.727272033691406px;" target="_blank"><b>in (African-American </b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0766024636/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0766024636&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.727272033691406px;" target="_blank"><b>Biographies (Enslow))</b></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">On December 1, 1955, a beautiful, smart, high-school educated, hard-working, 42-year-old seamstress, named Rosa Parks, boarded a bus after work. Like every weekday, she sat down on a seat designated 'black seating.' Stop to stop, the bus filled, leaving no vacancies in the white section. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The bus driver, familiar with this situation, ordered Rosa Parks to move from her seat to allow more seating for white passengers.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Again, the bus driver ordered Rosa Parks to move to another seat in his attempt to enforce a Jim Crow law that mandated racial segregation of all public and private facilities and <em>separate but equal</em> facilities for customers, clients, students, patrons, patients and passengers who were black or people of color.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjf7NDQdvzUduTBvhjrgnxd4UUcGyKNQlugjuUE-EIymT6fhGUIPaPf7jWK6wM_MeYvoTGHkCzV3Gy75aPMAAxyuhLVxC86obDC7aqpgPIR1cjhntA1f6Tvm4r84ZtAvb_bsuAXT87og8/s1600/Segregated+Bus+-+Birmingham+Public+Library.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Photo: Segregated Birmingham, Alabama, Bus, Birmingham Public Library, via NPR" border="0" height="159" j6="true" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjf7NDQdvzUduTBvhjrgnxd4UUcGyKNQlugjuUE-EIymT6fhGUIPaPf7jWK6wM_MeYvoTGHkCzV3Gy75aPMAAxyuhLVxC86obDC7aqpgPIR1cjhntA1f6Tvm4r84ZtAvb_bsuAXT87og8/s200/Segregated+Bus+-+Birmingham+Public+Library.jpg" title="Photo: Segregated Birmingham, Alabama, Bus" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.571428298950195px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Segregation on Alabama Bus</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Source: Birmingham Public Library</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Via: National Public Radio</em></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>Montgomery Bus Boycott</em></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jim Crow laws required blacks to give up seats to whites, as needed, determined by bus drivers. If whites were standing because their section of the bus was filled, the driver corrected the situation by ordering black riders to move from their seats to allow whites to sit instead. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times";">When Rosa Parks would not move from her seat, </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the bus driver haled a policeman to assist him in the matter. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thousands of people were involved in the Montgomery Bus Boycott, including many white people who were against segregated bus transportation in the city.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>Below is a list of additional blog posts with photographs about Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott.</b></span></h3>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0313358877/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0313358877&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.727272033691406px;" target="_blank"><b>Bus Boycott: </b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0313358877/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0313358877&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.727272033691406px;" target="_blank"><b>A History and </b></a><br />
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<b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/10/rosa-parks-black-womanhood-lynching.html" target="_blank">Rosa Parks: Black Womanhood, Rape & Lynching</a></b>
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Rosa
Parks, Sojourner Truth and Ida B. Wells created a century-long movement
(1850s-1950s) against Jim Crow laws that allowed<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "times";"> </span></span>rape and lynching of black women
and girls.<span style="font-family: "arial";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/09/1960s-fashion-rosa-parks-and-civil.html" target="_blank">Rosa Parks, 1960s Fashion and Civil Rights</a></b></span></div>
<strong><span style="background: white; font-family: "times"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal;">Fashion in the 1960s is a memorable part of the Civil
Rights Movement.</span></strong><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/07/sojourner-truth-aint-i-woman.html" target="_blank">Before Rosa Parks, Sojourner Truth - Ain't I A Woman?</a></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times"; font-size: 12pt;">Before Rosa Parks, Sojourner Truth, a former
slave, became a women’s and civil rights activist during the era of Jim Crow
laws.</span><br />
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<i style="font-family: Arial;">Blogger, Sunny Nash, is a writer, producer, photographer and leading author on race relations in America. </i></h4>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.666666984558105px; text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><i><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">Bigmama Didn't Shop<br />At Woolworth's</a></i></b><br />
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">by Sunny Nash</b><br />
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><br /></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b>Hard Cover</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b>Bigmama Didn't Shop </b></a><br />
<b style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="color: #e47911;" target="_blank">at Woolworth's</a></b><br />
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b>Bigmama Didn't Shop </b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b>at Woolworth's</b></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sunny Nash </b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">is the author of </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's</i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(Texas A&M University Press)</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, about life in the with her part-Comanche grandmother during the Civil Rights Movement. Nash’s book is recognized by the Association of American University Presses as essential for understanding U.S. race relations; listed in the Bibliographic Guide to Black Studies by the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York; and recommended </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">by the Miami-Dade Public Library System in Florida </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">for Native American collections.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b></b></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nash is also a producer, photographer, blogger and a leading writer on race relations in America--writes</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> books, blogs, articles and reviews, and produces media and images on U.S. </span><strong><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-weight: normal;">history and contemporary American topics, ranging from Jim Crow laws to social media networking, using </span></strong><span style="font-family: "arial";">her book, </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Bigmama Didn't Shop at Woolworth's</i></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">, chosen by the Association of American University Presses for its value to understanding of U.S. race relations, to relate experiences about life with her part-Comanche grandmother.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Sunny Nash </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial";">produces blogs, media, books, articles and images on </span><span style="font-family: "arial";">history and contemporary topics, from slavery, the Civil War, Jim Crow and </span><span style="font-family: "arial";">civil rights to post racism, social media, entertainment and technology using her book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Sunny-Nash/e/B001KIYUP2" style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s</a>, as a basis for commentary and research.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"My book, 'Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's,' began in the 1990s. I was writing for Hearst and Knight-Ridder newspapers. The stories are about my childhood with my part-Comanche grandmother, Bigmama, my parents, relatives, friends, and others; and my interpretation of the events surrounding the Jim Crow South before and during the Civil Rights Movement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Robin Fruble of Southern California said, "Every white person in America should read this book! Sunny Nash writes the story of her childhood without preaching or ranting but she made me realize for the first time just how much skin color changes how one experiences the world. But if your skin color is brown, it matters a great deal to a great number of people. I needed to learn that. Sunny Nash is a great teacher," Fruble said.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;">© </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt;">2012 Sunny Nash. <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">All Rights Reserved Worldwide.</span></strong><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-33659800145394527582016-11-01T20:21:00.000-07:002016-11-04T11:14:07.834-07:00Rosa Parks, Jim Crow & Fashion<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><i><span style="font-family: "times";">Rosa Parks </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times";">set the fashion tone for the struggle against Jim Crow...</span></i></span></h2>
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<a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51X0v-FMYiL.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Delton Primitive Country Raggedy Ann Rag Doll with Cat, Green, 17"" border="0" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51X0v-FMYiL.jpg" title="Delton Primitive Country Raggedy Ann Rag Doll with Cat, Green, 17"" width="274" /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008QDQKGQ/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008QDQKGQ&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Prim Primative Country </b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008QDQKGQ/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008QDQKGQ&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>RAGGEDY ANN RAG DOLL 17" </b></span></a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008QDQKGQ/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008QDQKGQ&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911;" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><b>Green Dress w/ Cat</b></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times";"><i><span style="font-size: large;">But fashion in the 1960s was a cross between:</span><br /><ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><i style="font-weight: normal;">First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy</i></li>
<li><i style="font-weight: normal;">Rosa Parks</i></li>
<li><i style="font-weight: normal;">Twiggy </i></li>
<li><i style="font-weight: normal;">Raggedy Ann </i></li>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the 1960s,</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">young women took their fashion cue not from Rosa Parks, but from the sophisticated First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, whose impeccable appearance captured the entire world each time she stepped out of the White House. And behind the most glamorous scenes in America, outside of Hollywood, Jacqueline Kennedy's husband, President John F. Kennedy, was authoring the most sweeping civil rights legislation since Abraham Lincoln wrote the Emancipation Proclamation that freed the slaves one hundred years before. </span></div>
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<a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41mKFocbYzL._SY344_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Twiggy - Fifty Fashion Looks that Changed the 1960's" border="0" height="200" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/41mKFocbYzL._SY344_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" title="Twiggy - Fifty Fashion Looks that Changed the 1960's" width="143" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Teen magazines proliferated with stunning color covers of the latest celebrities and their fashions. </span><span style="font-family: "times"; text-align: left;">No era in American history is more clearly marked by a range of fashion as the 1960s, where the mini skirt and guns met in an environment of violence and flower-power peace. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The world became a big ball of politics where pop culture spun out of control and drugs became the new norm in some circles. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">With my mother's assistance, or shall I say insistence, my wardrobe reflected both Jackie and Twiggy, not too short to be indecent and not so long that I looked like my grandmother. </span></div>
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<i style="font-family: Times; text-align: left;">"The clothing and music choices you make send messages," my mother said. "You can be stylish without looking and sounding like a street corner trinket."</i></h4>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/79/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee" border="0" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/79/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird.JPG" title="To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee" width="216" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-size: small;"><span style="color: #e47911; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0061808121/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0061808121&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="color: #e47911;" target="_blank">To Kill a Mockingbird</a></span></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">What was she talking about? I often asked myself. And when I asked what she meant by something, she would simply say, "Think about it." Days later, she would ask me what I came up with. My mother never forgot anything. And then we would discuss it. She sometimes even came up with an appropriate book on the subject for me to read. She read everything before passing it along to me. That always irritated me because I couldn't pretend to know what the book was about. That was the case with <a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/06/in-tradition-of-to-kill-mockingbird.html">To Kill a Mockingbird</a>. After reading the book, I was tempted to ask her if she wanted me to dress like Scout, the tomboyish heroin of Harper Lee's southern tale. I already knew the answer to that</span>.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhdwAyTE99Sq_nY1CggVaFMGGTcWraboWsmGRpsSmu4WrvrmFaXrLsSb-c_z1kmA95d-ktbnBXK2yxezfhmemmfRoYZtC9FC6RSJy9NvEGpv-TpEB-EJwzmeq5Ffw8PJCSNJ_uo96jfDXw/s1600/Nash+Reading+Album.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sunny Nash, age 16" border="0" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhdwAyTE99Sq_nY1CggVaFMGGTcWraboWsmGRpsSmu4WrvrmFaXrLsSb-c_z1kmA95d-ktbnBXK2yxezfhmemmfRoYZtC9FC6RSJy9NvEGpv-TpEB-EJwzmeq5Ffw8PJCSNJ_uo96jfDXw/s200/Nash+Reading+Album.jpg" title="Sunny Nash, author of Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sunny Nash, age 16</span></td></tr>
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times";"><i>My mother liked the way the First Lady dressed. </i></span></h4>
<span style="font-family: "times";"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times";">She said, "If I had a personal designer, I'd dress like that, too. But because I don't, I'll have to rely on my own taste and your father's wallet." And his wallet was not very big with no argument from him. My father accepted the fact that my mother wanted high quality clothing for herself and me. She preferred classic clothing in conservative colors, which she regarded as good taste and timeless, and had the same expectation for my attire. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times";"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times";">With the help of Oleg Cassini's timeless designs and a slender body, the <b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2011/11/day-president-was-shot.html">First Lady</a> </b></span><span style="font-family: "times";">changed the fashion world forever and skyrocketed his own career in fashion and turned most everything he touched into gold--from cologne to cars to luggage. Talking about setting priorities. First Ladies not only </span><span style="font-family: "times";">have</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times";">access, but designers clamber at their doors to drape them in lush fabrics and jewels. They are <b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/09/first-lady-michelle-obama-woman-in-love.html">First Ladies</a></b>, after all.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi636OdMBUz9l_eORnEoGK3Fb0Kb04HAzzWMkyxA2ZaCQNwgI4dnxEx5nICcFDXlcxc3BRQ-WdCIF4nwNhSJQ4H0DJdtksZBtD80zNPE5fUnx_14HlL_vXofTuSvPBOk89dzZ3-QV1xaVxu/s1600/oleg+cassini.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, Oleg Cassini her official designer" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi636OdMBUz9l_eORnEoGK3Fb0Kb04HAzzWMkyxA2ZaCQNwgI4dnxEx5nICcFDXlcxc3BRQ-WdCIF4nwNhSJQ4H0DJdtksZBtD80zNPE5fUnx_14HlL_vXofTuSvPBOk89dzZ3-QV1xaVxu/s1600/oleg+cassini.jpg" title="First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy, Oleg Cassini her official designer" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Oleg Cassini served as</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">The official designer</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">for First Lady</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Jacqueline Kennedy</span></div>
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<h4>
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Born Oleg Cassini Loiewski, in <span lang="EN" style="font-size: 12pt;">Paris in 1913, he grew up in Florence, Italy. </span></span></i></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times";"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times";"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 12pt;"><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cassini became an international star in the 1960s when he became the designer for First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">“We are on the threshold of a new American elegance, thanks to Mrs. Kennedy’s beauty, naturalness, understatement, exposure and symbolism,” Cassini said when he was appointed by the White House to be the First Lady’s couturier.</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Everything after Cassini's appointment, he set a new standard in American beauty and history. Mrs. Kennedy's original gowns, suits and dresses, now at the Smithsonian in Washington DC and the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library in Boston, were copied by every other designer and want-to-be- designer on the globe.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7pKFLwmVTAR9w38lR3jO0B5M4aK0zPYwuHEF2q5hnypbWCe0Htu0t6QRg9lGNSZqUNKufhvZkKrQ4cnHtiykETrweGtlnKSrc3zHBzzIWvYyeBndUs6wE8F4wh0bV_e5PTnZ2YZUw4Xzt/s1600/Sewing+Machine+-+Rosa+Parks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Montgomery Bus Boycott, Rosa Parks at Sewing Machine" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7pKFLwmVTAR9w38lR3jO0B5M4aK0zPYwuHEF2q5hnypbWCe0Htu0t6QRg9lGNSZqUNKufhvZkKrQ4cnHtiykETrweGtlnKSrc3zHBzzIWvYyeBndUs6wE8F4wh0bV_e5PTnZ2YZUw4Xzt/s1600/Sewing+Machine+-+Rosa+Parks.jpg" title="Rosa Parks and The Montgomery Bus Boycott" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">"Montgomery Bus Boycott"</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>1960s fashion was not at the top of the list for us. Survival in our new world was my mother's priority. </i></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Politics caused upheaval in the country as the Civil Rights movement loomed. My mother was more concerned with getting me educated to meet the changes she saw over the near horizon than making a fashion statement. </span>I saw reports of poor children in the Alabama and Mississippi who had poorer schools than the Jim Crow schools I attended. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My mother brought home magazines with studies by psychologists and social workers evaluating racial attitudes of elementary school children. She said she </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">did not found it hard to believe that little black children picked white dolls as their favorite toys. After all, at that time, white dolls were the only dolls little black children had ever seen, besides black handmade rag dolls. The Civil Rights Movement was about much more than dolls.</span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Every day on the evening news, there were reports of violence </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">over integration</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> in the Deep South and newspaper stories of marches, protests, police violence against little back children and lynchings. </span></i></h4>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZNnZ8Pfxo3G2iBP7QiQZb9W8qG0Pj3vzDp0tZcnfsP8eoLMLyHOWlH5DWUU-KtGM50gH1pcOFcnuhTwG8_Yex_0YqbayWDlZSMWADXpln_2Fv05yIRYeWU6YVI4gqafbhRmPjBi-LLE6g/s1600/Waco,+Jesse+Washington.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Lynching of Jesse Washington, Waco, Texas on May 15, 1916" border="0" height="131" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZNnZ8Pfxo3G2iBP7QiQZb9W8qG0Pj3vzDp0tZcnfsP8eoLMLyHOWlH5DWUU-KtGM50gH1pcOFcnuhTwG8_Yex_0YqbayWDlZSMWADXpln_2Fv05yIRYeWU6YVI4gqafbhRmPjBi-LLE6g/s320/Waco,+Jesse+Washington.jpg" title="Lynching of Jesse Washington, Waco, Texas on May 15, 1916" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Lynching of Jesse Washington, </b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Waco, Texas</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>on May 15, 1916</b></span><br />
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<a href="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51PUgWzsaIL._SY344_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51PUgWzsaIL._SY344_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1585445444/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=1585445444&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">The First Waco Horror:<br />The Lynching<br />of Jesse Washington<br />and the Rise </a></b></span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: "verdana" , "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1585445444/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=1585445444&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;" target="_blank">of the NAACP</a></b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Bigmama and elders in the neighborhood remembered the </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">lynching</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> of </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jesse Washington in 1916 like it happened yesterday, and talked about the young victim like they knew him personally. Bigmama was 16 years old at the time of the crime. And there were more incidents of violence closer to home that were reminders of the way things were and still were. </span><br />
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times";"><i>If Jim Crow policies in some department stores did not allow us to try on the dresses or shoes before purchasing, we did not shop there. </i></span></h4>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"That's what the Civil Rights Movement is all about," my mother said. "Keeping us safe in our homes and not just about sitting with white people at the movies or riding on the front seat of a bus or sitting at a lunch counter or trying on clothes in a department store. This is so much bigger than that! This is about getting a good college education so you can get a good job, live in a better place and have a brighter future."</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I have to admit that I felt vulnerable growing up watching Walter Cronkite report and show these images. I had nightmares many times that woke me at night in a cold sweat. Now, looking back, one of the purposes of showing those images was to wake people up and shake them with the realities some of us lived with daily. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="text-align: justify;">There were stabbings and gunfights in my neighborhood on many drunken weekends at local establishments and private homes. People were frustrated with their lives and lack of ability to escape that </span><i style="text-align: justify;">other</i><span style="text-align: justify;"> America.</span></span></div>
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I knew early I would face difficulties. No one had to tell me. I could see it all around. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Children were dying for the movement, even little girls my own age in Birmingham, Alabama, were bombed and killed while they preparing for Sunday School. Could I be next, I thought? It was </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">my mother, my father, my grandmother and Rosa Parks who would not let me use the circumstances of my country to be less than... "There are no excuses for not reading a book," my mother said. "There are no excuses for being a slob. There are no excuses for not doing the best you can with whatever you have, no matter how little you have. There are no excuses for living a sloppy life." </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2sjl_XJ7E62EF3m7xqgmIYu9R9-yZi278yn_Y4QN0QN0Uxxzo5d0YHHCPgAUvyojjgjH7oQag8pW1_X_Y9P2zzi1ANXMHzBFDUv4lA5cxYxJfh7Fb3S7Tj-lK1rVyFTahuDABENaeTWA/s1600/Littie+Nash.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Littie Nash" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2sjl_XJ7E62EF3m7xqgmIYu9R9-yZi278yn_Y4QN0QN0Uxxzo5d0YHHCPgAUvyojjgjH7oQag8pW1_X_Y9P2zzi1ANXMHzBFDUv4lA5cxYxJfh7Fb3S7Tj-lK1rVyFTahuDABENaeTWA/s200/Littie+Nash.jpg" title="Littie Nash" width="148" yda="true" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.571428298950195px; text-align: center;"><em><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Littie</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nash</span></em></td></tr>
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<h4>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>My mother accepted no excuses for being trifling, as she called being lazy and careless. </i></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">And she </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">wasted compliments on me when I did what I was supposed to do. She reserved accolades to celebrate real accomplishments, not just because I dragged myself out of bed before noon on Saturday or because I made an 'A' on my report card. "Some things you have to do," she said. "And those things pass, not without notice, but without an all-day hullabaloo." </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">To support me, Littie sponsored my piano, ballet, tennis and swimming lessons, dance performances, recitals, literary and classical music club memberships, summer camps, school trips and science fair exhibits, still managing to squeeze out of our tight budget money for the dentist to install braces on my teeth.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />"If you don't like the way things are going, change your life," my mother said. "Education is a way out, not the only way out, but a good place to start. And you WILL get into college." I knew she meant that. It seemed her most important goal was to make me smart and successful at something. What a woman! It took courage and imagination during the era of Jim Crow laws for my mother to give me what she thought I needed to get a job that would support me when I grew up. Jobs in the African American community were scarce. Good jobs were mostly nonexistent. Black men were economically and politically marginalized and black women were publicly disrespected on a routine basis.<br /><br />Read more about my mother: <a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2011/08/my-beautiful-stage-mother.html"><b>Great Mothering in Jim Crow's World</b></a>. Also check out another of my blog posts about the significance my mother placed on a college education. She believed that ignorance was an illness that could only be cured by learning. "People can learn on their own if they know how to read," she said often. "You do not have to go to college to learn and be educated. But education may help you get a better job." Read: <a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/01/college-education-was-my-mothers.html"><b>College Education Was my Mothers Plan</b></a>. </span></div>
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<a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/11/my-mother-tttthe-thinker.html" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b>Littie Nash was one of the great thinkers</b></a>, ultimate supporter, partner in adventure and inspiration for learning to live well on a shoestring<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. She gave me life, curiosity, imagination, courage and pride, even in a world that, at the time of my growing up, did not accept me as a full citizen. "You are who you think you are," she said. "Not who someone else thinks you to be. But remember, people form an opinion of you by the way you present yourself." I knew she meant, the way I dressed. </span><a class="twitter-share-button" data-count="none" data-related="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/:Author of Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's" data-via="sunnynash" href="http://twitter.com/share" style="text-align: start;">Tweet</a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.666666984558105px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b><i>Bigmama Didn’t Shop </i></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b><i>At Woolworth’s </i></b></span><br />
<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/about-sunny-nash.html" target="_blank">Sunny Nash</a></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b>Hard Cover</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b>Bigmama Didn't Shop </b></a><br />
<b style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="color: #e47911;" target="_blank">at Woolworth's</a></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Amazon Kindle</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b>Bigmama Didn't Shop </b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b>at Woolworth's</b></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I was young when I began to realize that there was a frightening world outside my home. Of course, I knew the frightening things that sometimes happened in my own neighborhood, like my cousin being murdered by her boyfriend because a stranger in a car whistled at her one evening coming from the store. I wrote about this tragedy in book </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">about life with my part-Comanche grandmother during the Civil Rights Movement</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, </span><span style="background-color: white;"><i><b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">Bigmama Didn't Shop at Woolworth's</a></b><span style="color: #e47911; font-family: "verdana"; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(Texas A&M University Press and available on Amazon Kindle)</span></i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><strong><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">among
collections of the Association of American University Presses as a resource for
understanding U.S. race relations and recommended by the Miami-Dade Public
Library System for Native American Collections</span></strong><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Robin Fruble of Southern California said,
<i>"Every white person in America should read this book! Sunny Nash writes
the story of her childhood without preaching or ranting but she made me realize
for the first time just how much skin color changes how one experiences the world.
But if your skin color is brown, it matters a great deal to a great number of
people. I needed to learn that. Sunny Nash is a great teacher," </i>Fruble
said.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sunny Nash is the author of </span><b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's</i></b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> (Texas A&M University Press), about life with her part-Comanche grandmother during the Civil Rights Movement. Nash’s book is recognized by the Association of American University Presses as essential for understanding U.S. race relations; listed in the Bibliographic Guide to Black Studies by the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York; and recommended for Native American collections by the Miami-Dade Public Library System in Florida. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Also join me on Huffington Post for my comments and discussions on civil rights, race relations, politics, style, entertainment and other pressing issues of the day.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/about-sunny-nash.html" target="_blank">Sunny Nash</a></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">--author, producer, photographer and leading writer on U.S. race relations in--writes</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> books, blogs, articles and reviews, and produces media and images on U.S. </span><strong style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">history and contemporary American topics, ranging from Jim Crow laws to social media networking, </span></strong></div>
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<strong style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span></strong><strong style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Nash uses her book to write articles and blogs on race relations in America through topics relating to her life--from music, film, early radio and television, entertainment, social media, Internet technology, publishing, journalism, sports, education, employment, the military, fashion, performing arts, literature, women's issues, adolescence and childhood, equal rights, social and political movements--past and present—to today's <em>post-racism</em>.</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">© 2013 Sunny Nash. </span><strong><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">All Rights Reserved Worldwide</span>.</span></strong></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-68033334301913868172016-10-20T13:50:00.000-07:002016-10-20T13:56:37.825-07:00Do Birthers Presume Illegitimacy of Mixed-race Children?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: large;">Could Pre-</span></i></span><i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">1967 </span></i><i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">miscegenation laws be driving </span></i><i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">the </span></i><i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">present-day birther movement?</span></i></h3>
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<span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Race in America is still a hot-button issue, even having an African American president. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Could the presumed birth illegitimacy of mixed-race children born before 1967 be the underlying principle that fired up the "birther movement" against President Barack Obama. </span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jim Crow had a big problem with mixed-race births, but especially with mixed-race births involving white women.</span></span></i></h4>
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/27/Stanley_Ann_Dunham_1960_Mercer_Island_High_School_yearbook.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/27/Stanley_Ann_Dunham_1960_Mercer_Island_High_School_yearbook.jpg" width="173" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Ann Dunham</i></b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Mother of Barack Obama</i></b></span></span><br />
<b style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.7273px;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1594485593/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=1594485593&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.727272033691406px;" target="_blank">A Singular Woman:<br />The Untold Story <br />of Barack Obama's <br />Mother</a></b><br />
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e8/Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e8/Barack_Obama_Sr_Jr.jpg" width="160" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Barack Obama, Sr. (left)</i></b></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/28/AudacityofHope.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Barack Obama, First African American to be U.S. President" border="0" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/28/AudacityofHope.jpg" title="Barack Obama, First African American to be U.S. President" width="209" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://amzn.to/2akuczZ" target="_blank">Barack Obama: <br />The Audacity of Hope</a></b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: normal;"><i>Did President Lyndon Johnson know when he signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that this law would stir up old prejudices that many Americans thought had outlived their usefulness? </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">During the Civil Rights Movement, I was growing up in Texas, the segregated home state of President Lyndon Johnson, where many Texans and others around the nation still thought Johnson to be a segregationist riding on the coattails of the assassinated President John F. Kennedy. In fact, Johnson became the civil rights president, even ascribing to its theme, "We Shall Overcome," in his hopeful message to nation </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">frightened</span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> by his new civil rights laws</span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The southern United States and much of the rest of the country still had race problems in the 1960s. But in the southern states, the race problem was amplified in cases of mixed-race children if the mother was the white parent, which signified a certain disloyalty to her race.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">When President Johnson signed the civil rights legislation, no one was thinking about mixed-race African American children. After all, in those days mixed-race children were considered to be the race of whatever drop of blood they had that was not "white." Their racial categorization was not calculated by amount of "white" blood they had or how white they appeared to be. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Racial categorization was calculated by whether it was known that they had non-white blood.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In those days, miscegenation laws prevented mixed-race children's parents to marry legally in many states, so their offspring were products of miscegenation and categorized further as legitimate. These bi-racial, illegitimate c</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">hildren of couples committing miscegenation were considered unequal under the law and subject to the same disadvantages of other black children, regardless of the legitimacy of their parents' unions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: normal;">When President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, he and few others had any idea that </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">in 1961</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: normal;">a </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">mixed-race</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: normal;">toddler, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">born to a </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">white mother and a </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">black father, would become a U.S. President and spark a birther movement. </span></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Birther Movement? Really?</i></span></h2>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Questioning the authenticity of the president's birth records, could birthers be adhering to antiquated Jim Crow miscegenation laws to use the president's </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">biracial heritage in an </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">attempt to de-legitimize his human rights, U.S. citizenship legal right to hold the office of president? </span><br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><i>Could the presumed birth illegitimacy of mixed-race children born before 1967 be the underlying principle that fires the "birther movement" against President Barack Obama?</i></span></h3>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In 1961, the year Barack Obama was born, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Robert F. Kennedy predicted that the United States would elect a black president in some forty years, which happened forty-seven years later. However, Kennedy could not have predicted the birther movement that surrounded the candidacy of the nations first African American president.</span><br />
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">In 1961, then Robert F. Kennedy, U.S. Attorney General, predicted that the United States would elect a black president in some forty years. </span></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">In 1963, when Barack Obama was two years old, President John F. Kennedy, though reluctant for political reasons to enter the civil rights struggle, finally made his declaration on civil rights. The Civil Rights Movement, however, did not categorize African Americans by percentage of racial heritage. At the time, any person with a drop of African blood were considered a "Negro." </span></div>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights,_11_June_1963.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="President John Kennedy spoke about civil rights to a national television audience on June 11, 1963:" border="0" height="200" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/President_Kennedy_addresses_nation_on_Civil_Rights,_11_June_1963.jpg" title="President John Kennedy spoke about civil rights to a national television audience on June 11, 1963:" width="157" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>President John Kennedy</b></span></td></tr>
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<i><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">President John Kennedy spoke about civil rights to a</span></b></i><i><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> national television audience on</span></b></i><i><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> June 11, 1963</span></b></i><i><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">:</span></b></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>"The Negro baby born in America today, regardless of the section of the nation in which he is born, has about one half as much chance of completing high school as a white baby born in the same place on the same day, one third as much chance of completing college, one third as much chance of becoming a professional man, twice as much chance of becoming unemployed, about one seventh as much chance of earning $10,000 a year or more, a life expectancy which is seven years shorter, and the prospects of earning only half as much." </i></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>(</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">By today's standards $10,000 in 1964 calculates to more than $75,000 today, according to </span><a href="http://www.dollartimes.com/inflation/inflation.php?amount=10000&year=1963" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Dollar Times</a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">.)</span></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span></i></span><br />
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKMQNId7hDBf82gQ6KoWt-iKMau2sbbb2v6Ym7gdvx2_ow-S9fDVdRree5bdYbL0UrRe9yfa8ZXAGBOFKf7KyG4d1XQggwX8XflI2luS7zYN8MGoTvSQZhYNhwoIaHOk1q2LoEJFt5AW7d/s1600/LBJ+Signs+64+act.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Others Witness President Lyndon Johnson Sign the Civil Rights Act of 1964" border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKMQNId7hDBf82gQ6KoWt-iKMau2sbbb2v6Ym7gdvx2_ow-S9fDVdRree5bdYbL0UrRe9yfa8ZXAGBOFKf7KyG4d1XQggwX8XflI2luS7zYN8MGoTvSQZhYNhwoIaHOk1q2LoEJFt5AW7d/s1600/LBJ+Signs+64+act.jpg" title="Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Others Witness President Lyndon Johnson Sign the Civil Rights Act of 1964" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.666666984558105px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2014/02/martin-luther-king-on-education-i-have.html"><b>Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.</b></a>, Witnesses<br />President Lyndon Johnson<br />Sign the Civil Rights Act of 1964</span></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;">President Johnson may not have known at the time of the signing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, but he must have known he was making it possible for the United States to elect a black president some day. But could he have imagined how vigorursly birthers would challenge the legitimacy?</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">In 1967, when Barack Obama was eight years old, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jim Crow</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">miscegenation laws in </span><i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Loving v the Commonwealth of Virginia</i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Before 1967, Obama's parents would have been breaking Jim Crow miscegenation laws had they married and lived as a family in</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> many states in in the U.S</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. Although some interracial couples dealt with the struggle by moving to states that allowed interracial marriage, while others were not able to do so. And their children were not able to escape the birth stigma of being considered illegitimate. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Because Jim Crow laws prevented legal marriage and </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">attempted to prevent</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"> intimate relationships between people of different races, many interracial couples residing in certain parts of America faced great difficulty living as the legal unit, known as a family. </span></div>
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<h2>
<i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/events/648069935253039/">Loving v the Commonwealth of Virgini</a>a</i></h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU3UV_ha24dsGGpehpdNn2tJefZ5kyWEevRJwF_gpYERLp2mbHuWG_nVTtYGghQgeg0-0FWu54sYIdu1-78OJwsVMHQbKesWEnN_1_TPjEsQI3yG_AqCLNWSfgep1Z4X5BNDEOIin3Qis6/s1600/The+Loving+Story+Movie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The Loving Story, the Documentary Movie about the couple, Richard & Mildred Loving, whose 1967 case against Jim Crow miscegenation laws reached the supreme court" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU3UV_ha24dsGGpehpdNn2tJefZ5kyWEevRJwF_gpYERLp2mbHuWG_nVTtYGghQgeg0-0FWu54sYIdu1-78OJwsVMHQbKesWEnN_1_TPjEsQI3yG_AqCLNWSfgep1Z4X5BNDEOIin3Qis6/s1600/The+Loving+Story+Movie.jpg" title="The Loving Story, the Documentary Movie" width="135" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00BD5GGI6/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B00BD5GGI6&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12.727272033691406px;" target="_blank"><b>The Loving Story</b></a></td></tr>
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<h4 style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></h4>
<h4 style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"><i>Mixed-race </i><i>children of Richard and Mildred Loving were automatically labeled by the government and treated accordingly. </i></span></h4>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipXrINVACL9_6wv4KTYVB3-Qrg0vT_lTRd-_w7nP65R4MsaGHlJ1j9_2BCfEP0hXSaCLuzvwc3WvIhcp8kS8NN8oyzonZZJiOQWRnmTlXHPepbsXALpYTzVaeAt0s62XJWWrVnMXEoDPHt/s1600/Richard+&+Children.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Richard Loving and Loving Children, Loving v the Commonwealth of Virginia" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipXrINVACL9_6wv4KTYVB3-Qrg0vT_lTRd-_w7nP65R4MsaGHlJ1j9_2BCfEP0hXSaCLuzvwc3WvIhcp8kS8NN8oyzonZZJiOQWRnmTlXHPepbsXALpYTzVaeAt0s62XJWWrVnMXEoDPHt/s1600/Richard+&+Children.jpg" title="Richard Loving and Loving Children, Loving v the Commonwealth of Virginia" width="188" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Richard Loving and Loving Children</span><b style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10px;"><span style="background-color: #fafbfb; font-family: "lucida grande" , "tahoma" , "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.857142448425293px; line-height: 8.045714378356934px; text-align: left;"> </span></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Station in life was based on </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">knowledge of their heritage, no matter how light </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the color of their skin. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Racial labels dictated station in life, including occupation, who they could marry and where they could go to school and where they could live. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ironically, a mixed-race person was barred by Jim Crow laws from marrying a person the same race as a parent, if one parent happened to be classified as black, no matter how light their skin.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlFaIaqATvfMLi6iZGQcQugLqTHbB3RjABc-YSmTtzFRSltX6iftx3Iej4Zhc1Rufa5tGVPx3sfAuNc1JSbaDJpmKfmSIK-mFxDRgCFnL2IE61gMig0XJNGWSXQZqvBfLiW_5xcJrta5dh/s1600/Chinese+farm+laborers.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Mississippi Delta Chinese Farm Laborers" border="0" height="258" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlFaIaqATvfMLi6iZGQcQugLqTHbB3RjABc-YSmTtzFRSltX6iftx3Iej4Zhc1Rufa5tGVPx3sfAuNc1JSbaDJpmKfmSIK-mFxDRgCFnL2IE61gMig0XJNGWSXQZqvBfLiW_5xcJrta5dh/s1600/Chinese+farm+laborers.jpg" title="Mississippi Delta Chinese Farm Laborers" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Mississippi Delta Chinese Farm Laborers</span><b style="color: blue; font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 10px;"><span style="background-color: #fafbfb; font-family: "lucida grande" , "tahoma" , "verdana" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.857142448425293px; line-height: 8.045714378356934px; text-align: left;"> </span></b></td></tr>
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<h4 style="text-align: right;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Jim Crow laws against miscegenation also applied to other races, including the Chinese.</i></span></h4>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWQibP3zdagfltWxAQav0D8D5mA-PavphZLr7SpcM5OrLegiA6r28RLr5NsGBoiunCJuEjDDK3LYvczPZvVPn0pvQ9iRxKGrp3xeqRJKqj7objlFXRpe79Q5bpJopgnOITA_Ta-S0LC9wv/s1600/Italian+Tenant+Farm+Family+1910.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Italian Plantation Workers" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWQibP3zdagfltWxAQav0D8D5mA-PavphZLr7SpcM5OrLegiA6r28RLr5NsGBoiunCJuEjDDK3LYvczPZvVPn0pvQ9iRxKGrp3xeqRJKqj7objlFXRpe79Q5bpJopgnOITA_Ta-S0LC9wv/s1600/Italian+Tenant+Farm+Family+1910.jpg" title="Italians working on sourthern Plantations" width="308" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Italian Farm Workers</span></td></tr>
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<div style="text-align: right;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2014/02/chinese-immigrant-family-stories-voyage.html">The Chinese</a>, subjected to some of the worse discrimination and </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">violence</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"> in </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">American history, were "colored" to the law and treated accordingly. After coming to America during the Gold Rush and being denied claims, then building railroads across the nation and then being burned out of their homes after their labor was no longer needed, they were shipped off to the Mississippi Delta under indentured farm labor agreements with former plantation owners. </span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Light or dark, Chinese, Mexicans, Native Americans, former slaves, Italian immigrants and all the rest, who found themselves in rural regions were usually relegated to sharecropping arrangements, low-paying farm work, preaching, teaching, barbering and such, living in inferior housing resembling the slave quarters they had left only recently. Those migrating to the cities could expect to be relegated to similar low-end jobs and inferior </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ghetto </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">housing. </span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the event skin color, hair texture and facial features did not reveal their racial makeup, direct testimony of their racial makeup, as in the one-drop theory, would certainly destroy their passing as white. In fact, white families were destroyed or driven from communities by slanderous neighbors of the possibility of African blood in their genetic line. Sometimes this happened if a white family was too sympathetic to a black or immigrant family or tried to help a black person or immigrant in trouble.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: normal;">Race in America is still a hot-button issue, even having an African American president. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Could the presumed birth illegitimacy of mixed-race children born before 1967 be the underlying principle that fires the "birther movement" against President Barack Obama?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><b style="color: cyan;">Sunny Nash </b>is an </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">author, producer, photographer and leading writer on U.S. race relations. She writes books, blogs, articles and reviews, and produces media and images on U.S. history and contemporary American topics, ranging from Jim Crow laws to social media networking. Sunny Nash is the author of Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's (Texas A&M University Press), about life with her part-Comanche grandmother during the Civil Rights Movement. </span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-4881410797668714322016-10-12T08:24:00.000-07:002016-10-12T10:48:26.710-07:00Jim Crow Children<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>My mother taught me to show Jim Crow what I can do to gain respect from </i></span><i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">Jim Crow </i><i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">children--black, white, brown and every other color.</i></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>And when I enrolled in my white university of choice, I developed a habit of my own: </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Take it to the limit of my abilities! </i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>No excuses! </i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBJTBI2L-3XJbA3K9Xc0MWasGcZCZ-rFjb1Pygt-O3lHONyX0MQAKn90W10S4XZLTGJob4othOZRQAo4XIIf5mA7fxd3PYInGpGcih1WviS7-VLWGofkT9vKBgOSIE5biZlZ8NvLyjtvM/s1600/segregation%5B1%5D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Jim Crow's children" border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBJTBI2L-3XJbA3K9Xc0MWasGcZCZ-rFjb1Pygt-O3lHONyX0MQAKn90W10S4XZLTGJob4othOZRQAo4XIIf5mA7fxd3PYInGpGcih1WviS7-VLWGofkT9vKBgOSIE5biZlZ8NvLyjtvM/s320/segregation%5B1%5D.jpg" title="Jim Crow's children" uda="true" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Kindle Edition)<strong> </strong></span></em><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001N8ELP8/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=217145&creative=399373&creativeASIN=B001N8ELP8"><em><span style="font-size: x-small;"><strong>Jim Crow's Children:</strong></span></em></a></span></em><br />
<em style="font-size: 12.8px;"><em style="font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Broken Promise of the Brown Decision</span></em></strong></span></em></em><em></em><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">1963</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Source: © Warren K. Leffler<br />Library of Congress </span><br />
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<i><b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">School is key in </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">children's</span></b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b> beliefs and self image</b>.</span></i></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Today, school is replacing home as the place where a child develops character. Young mothers are not like my mother. In fact, I was not like my mother when I was a young mother. Even though my mother worked, like I did, and so many others do today, my mother explained THINGS to me--racial things--large and small. She led me to believe that I could compete and she went on to help me prepare for the competition. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">My mother bought reference books that my school did not have; she helped me write papers; she scoured used bookstores and yard sales for titles she though appropriate for me to read; she made my father help me with my math, which he called arithmetic; she invited neighborhood kids to come to our house and study; and she passed on a tradition of education to me and my friends. She did all of this because our schools were segregated with few resources. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>"Nobody in that Jim Crow Central Office cares that you don't know anything," my mother said. "Ignorance makes it easier to control everything you do." </i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>"Who is Jim Crow?" I asked.</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>"A clown we have been fighting for centuries!"</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>"What?"</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>"Jim Crow is the father of all the people in our nation."</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>"Jim Crow is not MY father!"</i></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><br /></i></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>"Yes, he is," she said sadly. "He is the father of all Americans, whether they know it or not. Maybe it will be you who will help put Jim Crow to rest for good."</i></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In ways that may not be so obvious, today, education maintains racial segregation and increases racial gaps in grades, opportunity for college and later employment. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>My mother told me this when I was in high school. "The door is not open, yet. All you should expect when the door does opens is entry. And what you do when you get through the door is up to you!"</i></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">As students enter adulthood, sentiments on race tend to harden, a residual of Jim Crow laws before the Civil Rights Movement, which began to erase such practices. And I remembered my mother's words. </span><br />
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">So, you see, school means much more to society than proper textbooks and the right school supplies. School educates people for life, either segregated or integrated.</span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: italic;"><br />A feeling of inferiority is a feeling of inequality; a feeling of</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-style: italic;"> superiority is a feeling of inequality; only a feeling of equality is a feeling of equality.</span><br />
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<i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;"><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: left;"><b>Examine b</b></i><b>ooks, movies, music, news and social media for Jim Crow.</b></i></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">It is difficult to keep emotion out of discussions on race and education, especially today, when many events in movies, television, news and social media keep passions fresh. Racism is a personal issue rooted in the most private institution we know, the family--our offspring, our loved ones, whom we wish to protect from pain and controversy at any cost. W</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ithout bias, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Irons approaches the subject of race and education factually and attempts to illuminate what has been hidden over the ages in our nation, covered up, if you will, at a time when America should be moving past Jim </span>Crow laws<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and toward post-racism as seen on television today, and somewhat through social media networks like FaceBook.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Well, we're not past racism, even in our FaceBook age, which easily links people of different cultures, based on interests. However, there still seem to be clear lines of difference when examining the profile pages of different ethnic groups. Likes tend to befriend likes.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Modern studies show today that some young children are being taught by their parents, relatives and school that they should not be friends with children of a different color and they should not date them when they are older. The effects of these types of instruction become more apparent as the child approaches puberty, indicating that the closer the child gets to reproductive age, the more impact race has on his or her development. T</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">he same results</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> were reported in studies </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">conducted </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">more than 60 years ago.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">President Jimmy Carter broached the subject of race and education in his book<img border="0" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=sunnas-20&l=as2&o=1&a=B000SJYOL4" /> about growing up in the South, as did Ron Reagan in his book about is father Present Ronald Reagan. Race had an impact on the education and lives of these presidents, but nowhere near the impact it had on America's first African American president, <b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/04/barack-obamas-speech-on-race-relations.html" target="_blank">Barack Obama</a></b>, who has the burden of multiple bloodlines. Imagine the tightrope President Obama walks on whether or not he is showing favoritism for one race over others.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Strength of character is needed to overcome harmful habits that have been bred </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">and embedded i</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">nto us in school. Read the text and see the video of the </span>race relations in America speech President Barack Obama delivered <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">during his campaign and view the collection of books written by and about President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">What I attempt to make an objective observation of the historical origins and reasons for racism and why the new nation back then, at the time of its founding, under the supervision of its <a href="http://gan.doubleclick.net/gan_click?lid=41000613802463344&pid=1158862U&adurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.textbooks.com%2FBooksDescription.php%3FBKN%3D1158862%26network%3DGoogleShopping%26tracking_id%3D9780674018662U%26kenshu%3D_kenshoo_clickid_&usg=AFHzDLsLwK6pRhkmKD6TcnAdd9UrU08kyA&pubid=21000000000529952">Founding Fathers</a>, saw need to promote and preserve separation of the races even before slavery had assumed the permanent and legal framework of Jim Crow laws that eventually supported it. </span><br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">W</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">as </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">slavery </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">allowed to go wild and become a monster on its own? Or was there a sinister plot to separate people by skin and </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">evolve</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> into </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jim Crow laws? </span></span></i></h3>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">What I am discovering as I ponder this line of thinking is that America's children, all of us--young, old, dead, alive, black, white and every shade and physical condition in between--are all the offspring of Jim Crow laws, regardless of </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the skin type holding our mortal bodies together. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">I am the offspring of Jim Crow, too. When I was young, I was unaware of the influence segregation had on me and community. We went about life the way Jim Crow laws allowed and made the best of what we had. My mother had plans for me, however, of which I was unaware. She intended for me to go to college, but not a segregated Jim Crow college, a major university, because she knew the days of Jim Crow laws were numbered. The video below is an example of the lengths my mother went to to get me </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">a little misunderstood dance costume, a <a href="http://gan.doubleclick.net/gan_click?lid=41000613802463806&pid=221446&adurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.costumes4less.com%2FTutu-mummy-Costume_FW110582_Prod.aspx%3FColor%3DAs%2BShown%26Size%3DChild%2BMedium%2B(8-10)&usg=AFHzDLvlF_AZH_rgsyEfTyzW1osURUCYSQ&pubid=21000000000529952">tutu</a>, that she believed would help </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">prepare me for her dream.</span><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/8epKCVlwvng?feature=player_embedded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"><strong><em><span style="font-family: "times";">Jim Crow's Children: The Broken Promise of the Brown Decision</span></em></strong> explains how, in 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court sounded the death knell for school segregation with <em>Brown v Board of Education.</em> The book explores articles on many <em>Brown </em>participants, such as <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Thurgood Marshall and Earl Warren, </span>and later public education rulings</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">, as well as sketches of numerous black students throughout the history of Jim Crow laws and school desegregation. Most fascinating are the dramatic <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: "times new roman";"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">courtroom scenes that Irons uses to demonstrate the erosion of </span><em style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Brown </em><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">as the 1970s' conservative political movements fought to maintain segregated neighborhoods and, thereby, segregated public and private schools across the nation--North and South, illustrated on television news broadcasts and social media networks like Twitter.</span></span></span><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><a href="https://www.pinterest.com/bforrest1952/authors-poets-journalist/" target="_blank">(Photo: Pinterest)</a></i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong><em><a href="http://www.articlesbase.com/history-articles/offspring-of-jim-crow-laws-5774876.html" target="_blank">Peter Irons</a></em></strong></span><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0142003751/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0142003751" style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><strong>Jim Crow's Children:</strong></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">
<strong>The Broken Promise </strong><br />
<strong>of the Brown Decision </strong></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(Paperback)<img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=sunnas-20&l=as2&o=1&a=0142003751" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B001N8ELP8/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B001N8ELP8"><strong>Jim Crow's Children:</strong></a><br />
<strong>The Broken Promise </strong><br />
<strong>of the Brown Decision</strong></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">(Kindle)<img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=sunnas-20&l=as2&o=1&a=B001N8ELP8" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times";">When I read <strong><em>Jim Crow's Children</em></strong> by Peter Irons, I knew I had to share the book for the understanding it lends to an emotional topic that still plagues our nation--race relations in America and the effect of race on education and </span><span style="font-family: "times";">school </span><span style="font-family: "times";">choice. One way to have intelligent and useful conversation on the topic of race and education is to find authors like Peter Irons who approaches hot buttons without a hot temper.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">From Publishers Weekly: "<em><b>Brown v. Board of Education</b></em>, the 1954 Supreme Court decision that mandated the desegregation of U.S. schools, is popularly seen as a hallmark of American justice. But Peter Irons, professor of political science at the University of California, San Diego, surveys recent U.S. history to reveal a quite different picture: many states have found ways to delay implementation of, or totally evade, the ruling. Further, in response to the often violent battles around school busing and a clear rise of conservatism in the country, Irons argues that in 1991 the court began 'judicial burial' of <i>Brown</i> by setting precedents that continued to allow segregated schools."</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><strong>TODAY</strong>, separation of the races in education, public facilities, services and jobs and professional schools are not wholly based on skin color, race, ethnicity, culture, gender, sexuality, physical ability/disability or language. </i></span></h4>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Today, job discrimination and education, more and more, can be traced along class lines--groups that have wealth and groups that have no wealth, with contemporary origination still traceable directly to <a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2011/08/jim-crow-dead-gone.html" target="_blank"><b>Jim Crow inheritance, practices and laws</b></a>, dating back to the founding of the nation when slavery and white poverty were pervasive conditions in the colonies due to slave and early European indentured servant trade, all of which affected school attendance and education. Later, those territories that became slave states attracted poor white former indentured servants, free African Americans and other poor ethnic groups looking for fortune or, at least, education for their children, jobs and </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">business</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">opportunity, landownership and slaves.</span></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Movies, television, books and media influenced how the public perceived black people.</span></i></h4>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B005J6LKVI/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B005J6LKVI"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong>The Help</strong></span></a></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B004A8ZWVU/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B004A8ZWVU"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong>The Help</strong></span></a></span><br />
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</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> Digital Copy)<img border="0" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=sunnas-20&l=as2&o=1&a=B004A8ZWVU" /></span></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0399157913/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0399157913"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong>The Help Hardcover </strong></span></a></span><br />
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B002YKOXB6/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&tag=sunnas-20&linkCode=as2&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B002YKOXB6"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><strong>The Help</strong></span></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times";">Like other New Englanders, the Founding Fathers looked upon slaves as a commodity, not a group of human beings. This misunderstanding of slaves and later free black servants is the reason sensitive conversations were conducted in their presence without fear of retribution, as illustrated in award-winning books and movies like <em><b>The Help</b></em>. Throughout history, before and after the Civil Rights Movement, authors and film producers have been telling the same story of household servants--slave and free--learning information while in service and then taking the information back home or to church meetings.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times";">American History can be easily traced along racial and color lines, as the not-fully-developed human portrayal of African Americans plays out on movie screens and theaters. Today, however, <a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2011/05/rosa-parks-race-relations-in-early.html" target="_blank"><b>young black Hollywood</b></a> roles show a more fully-developed human character than did roles in early American film, which reflected, not only the period the movie depicted, but also the way society expected the powerless maid and others in her position to behave in the reality of their day. </span> </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">When Margaret Mitchell was asked in an interview about the way she wrote the black characters in her book, <b><i>Gone with the Wind</i></b>, she said she handled them respectably, and maybe she did for her time in her own way. However, it is documented that Mitchell, born in 1900, refused to attend classes at Smith College because one of her classmates was black, which demonstrates Mitchell's personal views on racial inequality in education and other social areas. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(Kindle Edition)</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><img alt="" border="0" height="1" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=sunnas-20&l=as2&o=1&a=B000XGMTWS" style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; margin: 0px;" width="1" /></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times";"><span style="font-family: "times";">Early <a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2011/03/rosa-parks-life-behind-legend.html" target="_blank"><b>black Hollywood</b></a> routinely cast black actors in roles inferior to those of white actors, true in the 1939 film version of Mitchell's book, <em><strong>Gone with the Wind</strong></em>, in which Hattie McDaniel made so much of the </span></span><span style="font-family: "times";">maid's</span><span style="font-family: "times";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times";">role that she became the first African American to win an Oscar for her portrayal of a servant in the film privy to delicate white family information.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times";">The 1934 <em><strong>Imitation of Life</strong></em> and </span><span style="font-family: "times";">1959 </span><span style="font-family: "times";">remake had maids involved in white family business, while at the same time, showing a dismissive attitude to their presence and problems, until one of the white characters gains empathy with their plight. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">Bigmama Didn’t Shop </a></i></b></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">Bigmama Didn't Shop </a></div>
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<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20"></a><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">at Woolworth's</a></div>
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Sunny Nash is an author, producer, photographer and leading writer on U.S. race relations. </span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sunny Nash writes books, blogs, articles and reviews, and produces media and images on U.S. history and contemporary American topics, ranging from Jim Crow laws to social media networking. Sunny Nash is the author of <b><i>Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's</i></b> (Texas A&M University Press), about life with her part-Comanche grandmother during the Civil Rights Movement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sunny Nash’s book is recognized by the Association of American University Presses as essential for understanding U.S. race relations. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nash's book is also listed in the Bibliographic Guide for black studies at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York; and recommended for Native American collections by the Miami-Dade Public Library System in Florida. Nash uses her book to write articles and blogs on race relations in America through topics relating to her life--from music, film, early radio and television, entertainment, social media, Internet technology, publishing, journalism, sports, education, employment, the military, fashion, performing arts, literature, women's issues, adolescence and childhood, equal rights, social and political movements--past and present—to today's post-racism.</span></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-90807677435173072132016-08-18T18:56:00.000-07:002016-08-18T18:56:24.619-07:00MLK: Born To Lead<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><i>Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.</i></span></h3>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Exceptional performance was the prize for M</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">artin Luther King--education, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">credentials and awards--that demonstrate preparation for leadership of the Civil Rights Movement. </span></i></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">We might as well face it. Most of us are not prepared for the type of leadership it takes to change the world. There seems to be a growing attitude of automatic acceptance of personal ordinariness today, complacence, "Oh, whatever." And people, including children, seem to be growing up willing to accept the notion of "mediocre" as normal, worthy of a trophy for simply signing up for the team--no field time and certainly no outstanding play, which is not just a sports theory. This applies to all areas of once-competitive activity. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">However, unsubstantiated accomplishments of </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">unworthily-trophied team members </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">can be smashed in a second when faced with the dedication of real performance and competition; for instance, a Spelling Bee smack down! Unfortunately, many students avoid participation if they are required to participate in strenuous preparation. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>"Oh, well, whatever." Give 'em a trophy anyway for signing up.</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Unearned trophies promote the feeling that doing better makes no more difference than doing worse. Why try harder, when there will be a trophy at the end for simply putting on the uniform or signing on the dotted line. So what if no effort goes into it? Could that be a cause of personal low expectations? </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">At the end of the game, only the player really knows if he or she played his or her best game--the moment of realization.</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><b>Do people know if they played their best game? </b></i></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><b>If they know they did not play their best game, what is their attitude? </b></i></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><b>Do they pretend they did their best? </b></i></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><b>Knowing they didn't do their best, do they make a plan to improve?</b></i></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><b>Or do they dismiss the whole thing with, Oh, whatever."</b></i></span></li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Lyndon Johnson & Martin Luther King" border="0" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg/220px-Martin_Luther_King,_Jr._and_Lyndon_Johnson.jpg" title="Lyndon Johnson & Martin Luther King" width="212" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Lyndon Johnson<br />& Martin Luther King</b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dr. Martin Luther King prepared for leadership. He was more than a gifted speaker; he was a highly intelligent man, proof of which showed in his education, academic credentials and power of persuasion. It took more than a notion to convince those in power to support his civil rights efforts. All said and done: He was a hard worker. I'd put money on that.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>"There comes a time when one must take a position that is neither safe, nor politic, nor popular, but he must do it because Conscience tells him it is right." MLK</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The kind of conviction espoused in the quote above requires preparation of the ultimate kind. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">We might as well face it. Most of us are not prepared for the type of leadership it takes to change the world. Changing the world means getting things done and being good at those things, striving for excellence, whether achieving excellence or not, not being discouraged, continuing to move forward with conviction toward a goal. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">E</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">arly in his education, King skipped both ninth and twelfth grades, tested his way out of high school at age 15 before graduation. He entered </span>Morehouse<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> College, where he earned Bachelor's degree in sociology. He received a Bachelor of Divinity from Cozier College, while also studying at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1955, three months before Rosa Parks sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott and hurled King into national prominence, he received his Doctorate of Philosophy in Systematic Theology from Boston University.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-large;"><i>Preparation takes hard work.</i></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><strong>Honorary Degrees</strong> from U.S. and international colleges and universities. During his lifetime and posthumously, Dr. King also was awarded:</em></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1957 - Doctor of Humane Letters, Morehouse College; Doctor of Laws, Howard University; Doctor of Divinity, Chicago Theological Seminary</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1958 - Doctor of Laws, Morgan State College; Doctor of Humanities, Central State College</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1959 - Doctor of Divinity, Boston University</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1961 - Doctor of Laws, Lincoln University; Doctor of Laws, University of Bridgeport</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1962 - Doctor of Civil Laws, Bard College</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1963 - Doctor of Letters, Keuka College</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1964 - Doctor of Divinity, Wesleyan College; Doctor of Laws, Jewish Theological Seminary; Doctor of Laws, Yale University; Doctor of Divinity, Springfield College</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1965 - Doctor of Laws, Hofstra University; Doctor of Human Letters, Oberlin College; Doctor of Social Science, Amsterdam Free University; Doctor of Divinity, St. Peter's College</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1967 - Doctor of Civil Law, University of New Castle Upon Tyne; Doctor of Laws, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa</em></span><br />
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<a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_with_medallion_NYWTS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Martin_Luther_King_Jr_with_medallion_NYWTS.jpg" width="247" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/king/aa_king_selma_1_e.html"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>King Receives Nobel Peace Prize</b></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Oslo, Norway</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">At age 35, Dr. King was the youngest man in history to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. The second American after <span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; display: inline; float: none; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small; line-height: 11px;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Theodore Roosevelt,</span> <span style="font-size: small;">Dr. King is also the second African American</span> </span></span>in history to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The first African American to win the Nobel Peace Prize was Ralph Bunche in 1950 and the third black recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize is <a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/04/barack-obamas-speech-on-race-relations.html" target="_blank"><strong>President Barack Obama</strong></a>.</span><br />
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<em style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><strong>Scholarly and Leadership Awards</strong> received below and others listed in the </span><span style="color: black; font-style: normal;">Archives of the Martin Luther King,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><a href="http://www.thekingcenter.org/" title="This link will take you outside LSU.edu."><span style="color: #43267a; text-decoration: none;">Center for Nonviolent Social Change</span></a>, Inc. in Atlanta, Georgia.</span></em><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1957 - Among Time’s most outstanding personalities</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1957 - Who's Who in America</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1957 - NAACP Spingarn Medal Recipient</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1957 - National Newspaper Publishers’ Russwurm Award</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1958.- Guardian Association of the Police Department of New York, Second Annual Achievement Award</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1959 - Among New Delhi, India, Link<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Magazine’s sixteen world leaders who contributed most to the advancement of freedom</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1963 - Time Man of the Year</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1963 - Laundry, Dry Cleaning, and Die Workers International Union’s American of the Decade</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1964 - United Federation of Teachers’ John Dewey Award</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1964 - Catholic Interracial Council of Chicago John F. Kennedy Award</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1964 - </em></span><a href="http://www.nobelprizes.com/nobel/peace/MLK-nobel.html" title="This link will take you outside LSU.edu."><span style="color: #43267a; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-decoration: none;"><em>Nobel Peace Prize</em></span></a><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></em></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1968 - Jamaican Government Marcus Garvey Prize for Human Rights (posthumously)</em></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><em>1968 - Southern Christian Leadership Conference Rosa Parks Award (posthumously)</em></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Leadership is more than standing in front of a crowd and giving a speech. Leadership means teaching by example. </span></i></h4>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">MLK Arrested in Montgomery, Alabama, 1958</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">We might as well face it. Most of us are not prepared for the type of leadership it takes to change the world. And we will never deliver an <a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2013/07/martin-luther-king-march-on-washington.html">I Have a Dream Speech</a>. But we can prepare ourselves and our children to do better than our parents, grandparents and other ancestors were able to do with Jim Crow on their backs</span>.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"><b><i>After all, didn't Dr. King expect us to do just that? </i></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"><b><i>If not, what was it all for?</i></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">-30-</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJaNjiDDWVq3cMi3odjOzi5-50blsWwBF8kmTGr4-RsTuiwvTgBOFw2CDYPYEIN7b6ZALThoneAsfsJ2XLyF0y8bc0vZqUWb2teTzixlu66hBiRMIkisWshUl0vvczJ3Gy0q55Yrq3zM/s1600/Bigmama+Cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: black; clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s Sunny Nash" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJaNjiDDWVq3cMi3odjOzi5-50blsWwBF8kmTGr4-RsTuiwvTgBOFw2CDYPYEIN7b6ZALThoneAsfsJ2XLyF0y8bc0vZqUWb2teTzixlu66hBiRMIkisWshUl0vvczJ3Gy0q55Yrq3zM/s200/Bigmama+Cover.jpg" title="Sunny Nash author Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s " width="211" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sunny Nash is an author, producer, photographer and leading writer on U.S. race relations. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sunny Nash writes books, blogs, articles and reviews, and produces media and images on U.S. history and contemporary American topics, ranging from Jim Crow laws to social media networking. Sunny Nash is the author of <b><i>Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's</i></b> (Texas A&M University Press), about life with her part-Comanche grandmother during the Civil Rights Movement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sunny Nash’s book is recognized by the Association of American University Presses as essential for understanding U.S. race relations. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nash's book is also listed in the Bibliographic Guide for black studies at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York; and recommended for Native American collections by the Miami-Dade Public Library System in Florida. Nash uses her book to write articles and blogs on race relations in America through topics relating to her life--from music, film, early radio and television, entertainment, social media, Internet technology, publishing, journalism, sports, education, employment, the military, fashion, performing arts, literature, women's issues, adolescence and childhood, equal rights, social and political movements--past and present—to today's post-racism.</span></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-91716088683043825822016-08-15T11:30:00.001-07:002016-08-21T21:06:39.975-07:00 Jesse Owens, Jim Crow and the Berlin Olympics<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">African American Track Star, Jesse Owens, </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">won four gold medals</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">at the </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;">1936</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large; text-align: justify;"> Berlin Olympics, and won a victory for civil rights. </span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Jesse Owens</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: xx-small;"><b style="color: #e47911; font-size: 12.8px;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0449130568/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0449130568&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="color: #e47911;" target="_blank">The Man Who Outran Hitler</a></span></b></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1936 </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Olympics belonged to track and field star, Jesse Owens, who hoped his track and field victories would change race relations in America.</span></i></h3>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">With all that gold being earned at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, we should remember the first African Americans to win Olympic gold medals, lest we forget who fought Jim Crow in sports and helped lay the groundwork for </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">black go</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ld medalists in </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the 2016 Summer </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Olympic</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> in Rio.</span></i></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">After Jesse Owens' victories, British radio and newspapers fueled racism by circulating a rumor that lives on to this day claiming that Hitler snubbed Owens after his Olympic victories. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Radio and newspapers reported Hitler refused to shake Owens' hand, an alleged gesture that angered civil rights groups around the world. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Equally bothersome to other Olympics observers was the fact that two black women who qualified in track and field for the 1936 Berlin Olympics were replaced at the last minute </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">with white runners </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">by U.S. Olympic officials. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Back in 1929, the all-black school, Tuskegee Institute, now Tuskegee University, had started one of the first women's track and field teams in the United States. In 1932, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/08/black-female-olympic-gold.html" target="_blank">Tydie Pickett and Louise Stokes</a></b></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> qualified for the </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Los Angeles</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Olympics on the 400-meter relay track team, but were replaced </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">at the last minute</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">by white runners they had beaten. Again in 1936, Pickett and Stokes qualified for the women's U.S. track and field team but Olympic officials replaced them at the last minute with white runners they had previously defeated. Some observers credit the change to racist Jim Crow laws in the United States. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The U.S. blamed Hitler's regime for the Owens snub </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">and </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">U.S. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">civil rights groups blamed Jim Crow laws for the women's team replacements. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>The dynamics of the Berlin Olympics were troublesome to U.S. race relations.</i></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"><i>Jesse Owens had another impression of what happened in Germany. </i></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">Owens said, "Hitler didn't snub me—it was [FDR] who snubbed me. The president (Franklin D. Roosevelt) didn't even send me a telegram,” quoted from the book, </span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0618688226/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0618688226&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;">Triumph: The Untold Story of Jesse Owens and Hitler's Olympics</a><img border="0" src="https://www.assoc-amazon.com/e/ir?t=sunnas-20&l=as2&o=1&a=0618688226" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"> by Jeremy </span>Schaap<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">, about the 1936 Olympics. Owens said he was treated well at the Berlin Olympics and that Hitler sent him an inscribed photograph to congratulate him on his victories. Years later, Owens' widow confirmed the account. [source: </span><a href="http://www.thenewsturmer.com/gamle%C3%A5rganger/TNS%202003/The%20Berlin%20Olympics.htm" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;">The Hitler Snub Myth</a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">, The New </span>Stürmer<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">, 2003]</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">While in Berlin for the Olympics, Owens was not </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">discriminated against by </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jim Crow laws or separated from other athletes based on the color of his skin as Jim Crow laws required in the United States. Jesse Owens stayed in the same hotels, rode public trains, ate in restaurants and enjoyed friendships with white members of his own team and other </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">international</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Olympians like </span>Lutz<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Lang, German athletic star and European long-jump record holder. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Back home for a post-Olympic ceremony at New York's </span>Waldorph<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Astoria Hotel, however, track and field star Jesse Owens was not permitted to stay in the hotel or eat in the hotel restaurant and was forced to use the hotel freight elevator so as not to be seen by white hotel guests. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Many people think the struggle for civil rights was unnecessary in northern states, especially New York, where race was not as much of an issue as it was in the South. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">However, northern U.S. states were slave states in early New England and continued a long and painful legacy of Jim Crow laws and treatment of African Americans, and other non-white groups and whites of a different ethnicity. The first slave auction held in New York took place in 1655, 300 years before Rosa Parks led the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Slaves in New York were not formally freed until 1827, ending bondage but not discrimination. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Abolitionist, civil rights and women's activist, <a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/07/sojourner-truth-aint-i-woman.html"><b>Sojourner Truth</b></a>, born a slave in New York, wrote extensively about her experiences in her autobiography. The first U.S. Census indicates that the slave population in New York grew to 21,324 by 1790, making New York the largest slave-owning state north of the Mason Dixon line, a distinction New York held throughout the two centuries the state practiced slavery; this from: <a href="http://www.slaveryinamerica.org/geography/slave_laws_NY.htm">New York Slave Law Summary and Record</a>. Slavery in southern states like Alabama, the birthplace of Rosa Parks, and Georgia, the birthplace of Martin Luther King, was more brutal and lengthy, and did not end until 1865.</span><br />
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.cdsbooksdvds.com/product.jhtm?sku=UBM9781617147586" target="_blank"><b>Jesse Owens</b></a> was born in Alabama in 1913, the same state and year as Rosa Parks. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;">It would be easy to conclude that </span><b style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://rosa%20parks/" target="_blank">Rosa Parks</a></b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"> and </span><a href="http://www.cdsbooksdvds.com/product.jhtm?sku=UBM9781416939221" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: justify;"><b>Jesse Owens</b></a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: justify;"> may have experienced similar consequences of Jim Crow laws growing up and in adulthood.</span></i></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Although many Americans observed Owens' victory at the 1936 Berlin Olympics as the birth of the Civil Rights Movement, it was nearly 20 years later, in 1955, that Owens' accomplishment was acknowledged by the White House when U.S. President D</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">wight D. Eisenhower</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> honored Owens by naming him “Ambassador of Sports.” </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jesse Owens' U.S. Sports Ambassadorship included meeting with school, government and sports officials in India, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines, and talking to underprivileged school children in those countries and the U.S. <a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2013/01/audrey-patterson-first-female-olympics.html"><b>Audrey Patterson</b></a>, the first African American woman to win a medal in Olympics history said, she felt that 1936 Olympic gold medal winner, Jesse Owens, was speaking to her in 1944 when he told a group at her school, Gilbert Academy in New Orleans, "There is a boy or a girl in this audience who will go to the Olympics."</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Jesse Owens, 1958<br />Vice President<b> </b>Richard Nixon</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jesse Owens was born in Alabama in 1913, the same state and year of Rosa Parks' birth. It easy to conclude that they experienced the same consequences of Jim Crow laws. However, in 1955, they both began historic journeys against racial discrimination. Although m</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">any observed Owens' victory at the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936 as the birth of the Civil Rights Movement, it was </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">n</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">early 20 years later, in 1955, that his accomplishment was acknowledged by the White House when U.S. President <span style="line-height: 18px; text-align: left;">Dwight D. Eisenhower honored Owens by naming him “Ambassador of Sports,” </span><span style="text-align: start;">touring India, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines, meeting with government and sports officials and talking to underprivileged children.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-align: start;">The year Jesse Owens was invited to the White House, 1955, was the same year that Rosa Parks ignited the Montgomery Bus boycott in Owens' home state of Alabama and officially kicked off the modern Civil Rights Movement with Martin Luther King being hurled into the spotlight on national television as the leader of the Civil Rights Movement, which eventually led to Martin Luther King's <b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/04/martin-luther-king-education-and-dream.html" target="_blank">I Have a Dream Speech</a> </b>in Washington D.C. in 1963 during the Poor People's March. It took many years before the Civil Rights Movement accomplished it goals, and still, some goals seem unfulfilled.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="text-align: start;">In 1956, Jesse Owens became </span><span style="text-align: start;">President Eisenhower's </span><span style="text-align: start;">personal </span><span style="text-align: start;">Olympic Games </span><span style="text-align: start;">representative in Australia. That was the year that </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the Montgomery Bus Boycott, led by</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: start;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King, ended with the Supreme Court striking down </span>Jim Crow laws<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, set into legal motion with the U.S. Supreme Court decision, </span><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Plessy v Ferguson</i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Remember Jesse Owens for his </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Olympics </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">victories and for his role in civil rights, although several </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">decades passed before President Lyndon Johnson signed the </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1964</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">C</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ivil Rights Act and </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">1965</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Voting Rights Act.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJaNjiDDWVq3cMi3odjOzi5-50blsWwBF8kmTGr4-RsTuiwvTgBOFw2CDYPYEIN7b6ZALThoneAsfsJ2XLyF0y8bc0vZqUWb2teTzixlu66hBiRMIkisWshUl0vvczJ3Gy0q55Yrq3zM/s1600/Bigmama+Cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: black; clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s Sunny Nash" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJaNjiDDWVq3cMi3odjOzi5-50blsWwBF8kmTGr4-RsTuiwvTgBOFw2CDYPYEIN7b6ZALThoneAsfsJ2XLyF0y8bc0vZqUWb2teTzixlu66hBiRMIkisWshUl0vvczJ3Gy0q55Yrq3zM/s200/Bigmama+Cover.jpg" title="Sunny Nash author Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s " width="211" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">Bigmama Didn’t Shop </a></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><b><i style="background-color: white;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">At Woolworth’s </a></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: left;"><a href="https://sunnynashpressroom.wordpress.com/" target="_blank"><b>Su</b><b>nny Nash </b></a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sunny.nash">Sunny Nash</a> </span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">Leading author on U.S. race relations, according to the Association of American University Presses</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Sunny Nash writes books, blogs, articles and reviews, and produces media and images on U.S. history and contemporary American topics, ranging from Jim Crow laws to social media. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Sunny Nash is the author of </span><b style="text-align: justify;"><i>Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's</i></b><span style="text-align: justify;"> (Texas A&M University Press), about life with her part-Comanche grandmother during the Civil Rights Movement.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nash’s book is recognized by the Association of American University Presses as essential for understanding U.S. race relations. Nash's book is also listed in the Bibliographic Guide for black studies at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York; and recommended for Native American collections by the Miami-Dade Public Library System in Florida. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nash uses her book to conduct workshops, and write articles and blogs on race relations in America through topics relating to her life</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">—</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">music, film, early radio and television, entertainment, social media, Internet technology, publishing, journalism, sports, education, employment, the military, fashion, performing arts, literature, women's issues, adolescence and childhood, equal rights, social and political movements--past and present.</span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-23035778182499922042016-08-15T11:28:00.000-07:002016-08-17T09:57:57.368-07:00Black Female Olympic Gold and Jim Crow<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h2>
<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Black Female Olympic Gold Medal Winners helped to </span></i><b style="text-align: left;"><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">change the world's perception of black Women.</span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></i></b></h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCff_QKxQAcVLKSAiTCG5zhSF6uVyBwCcislEACuf69QUeJkwIe933SAkVWxzTJHSfJqE8iYUUUGfIwmL_xLP2sClrYDFso4WVMo3B5vMJvu78JNfHGlZqjzIGRhjX6Tj4e6MHutNBsp9Q/s1600/Stokes+and+Pickett.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Tydie Pickett (far left) and Louise Stokes (far right) Track and Field, 1936 Olympic Games" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCff_QKxQAcVLKSAiTCG5zhSF6uVyBwCcislEACuf69QUeJkwIe933SAkVWxzTJHSfJqE8iYUUUGfIwmL_xLP2sClrYDFso4WVMo3B5vMJvu78JNfHGlZqjzIGRhjX6Tj4e6MHutNBsp9Q/s1600/Stokes+and+Pickett.jpg" title="Tydie Pickett (far left) and Louise Stokes (far right) Track and Field, 1936 Olympic Games" /></a></td></tr>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Tydie Pickett </b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(far left) </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">and </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Louise Stokes </b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">(far right) </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><b>Track and Field, 1936 Berlin Olympic Games</b></b></span></div>
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">With all that gold having been earned by African American women at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, we should remember the first African American women to win Olympic medals, lest we forget who fought Jim Crow in sports and helped lay the groundwork for </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">black female go</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">ld medalists in </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the 2016 Summer </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Olympic</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> in Rio. </span></i></span></h4>
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<span class="apple-converted-space" style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">In 1929, the </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">all-black school, Tuskegee Institute</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">, now Tuskegee University, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">started one of the first track and field programs for </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">women</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">in the<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; border: 0in none; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; padding: 0in;">United States</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. In 1932, when </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">violent Jim Crow traditions gripped the nation attempting to put down a growing Civil Rights Movement, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Tuskegee Institute sent </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Louise</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Stokes and </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Tydie</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pickett to Los Angeles, California, where the two female college track and field stars </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">qualified</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">for the </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">U.S. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Olympic </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 18.188888549804688px;">400-meter relay </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">track and field team. However, the two black women</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> were </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">replaced by white runners they had beaten.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">"</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">By 1936, the year Alpine skiing was opened to women in the XI Olympiad in Berlin, Germany, the first African-American women, Louise Stokes and Anna “Tydie” Pickett, were permitted to compete in the games.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=1771388827944477306#_edn6">[vi]</a> Stokes and Pickett were initially qualified for the 1932 Olympics held in Los Angeles, California, but they were disqualified based on..." Read more at the <a href="http://themerrydressmaker.blogspot.com/2012/08/heras-daughters.html">Merry Dressmaker</a>.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib2La04GB-rDWbLFHORUrPujbjQFyfOXHF8E03dPAE-5DES64MRwJnuCk-_1W4awyYh1APeaJY6nmB0rVTtQSYt9sNgFzbXkCOAmqLeQKghqbjo7lwiK5vJ0nCBrpeS4i35dC2Fmj_OkRd/s1600/Rosa+Parks+-+Booking+Photo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Rosa Parks Booking Photo Montgomery Bus Boycott" border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEib2La04GB-rDWbLFHORUrPujbjQFyfOXHF8E03dPAE-5DES64MRwJnuCk-_1W4awyYh1APeaJY6nmB0rVTtQSYt9sNgFzbXkCOAmqLeQKghqbjo7lwiK5vJ0nCBrpeS4i35dC2Fmj_OkRd/s1600/Rosa+Parks+-+Booking+Photo.jpg" title="Rosa Parks Booking Photo Montgomery Bus Boycott" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Rosa Parks Booking Photo<br />Montgomery Bus Boycott</b></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Rosa Parks, a seamstress and not a track star, ran a race that lifted court r</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">ulings from paper to </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">real </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">l</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">ife. </span></i></h3>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The year </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the first two black American women were allowed to compete in the 1936 Berlin Olympics, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">23-year-old </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Rosa Parks started </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">her journey toward becoming "Mother of </span>t<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">he Civil Rights Movement." This was during a time in American Jim Crow history that every positive move an African American made was used to fight discrimination and oppression. Eventually, </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">Rosa Parks would spend 1955-56 leading the Montgomery Bus Boycott with Martin Luther King to start the demise of Jim Crow laws with a Supreme Court ruling. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEjkWQSxesdFENhzd3BnCvbzy9kZM03F5jBq9KmpFcGH82vxpb1F0eLHUznJR1KIt8Lg79tCotBppChLwvxphmyw4RQG1IVZiw0D78GgS_Tk4bH3iHbDMp-buM_yuWnnm1ZeJ6aVmDjm4/s1600/Audrey+Patterson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Audrey "Mickey" Patterson, President Harry S. Truman The White House 1948" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEjkWQSxesdFENhzd3BnCvbzy9kZM03F5jBq9KmpFcGH82vxpb1F0eLHUznJR1KIt8Lg79tCotBppChLwvxphmyw4RQG1IVZiw0D78GgS_Tk4bH3iHbDMp-buM_yuWnnm1ZeJ6aVmDjm4/s320/Audrey+Patterson.jpg" title="Audrey "Mickey" Patterson & President Harry S. Truman" width="268" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Audrey "Mickey" Patterson<br />
President Harry S. Truman<br />
The White House 1948</span></span></td></tr>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large; text-align: right;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2013/01/audrey-patterson-first-female-olympics.html" target="_blank">Audrey Patterson</a></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Olympic Games were cancelled in 1940 and 1944 as many Americans were glued to the radio listening for developments of war with Germany. </span><span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">After Stokes and Pickett in 1936, the next time a black American woman competed in the Olympics was in 1948</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">At this time, Rosa Parks had already started her long career </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">with the Montgomery, Alabama, branch of </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). </span><br />
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<span style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">At the </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">1948 </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">London </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">Olympics, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">Audrey "Mickey" Patterson </span><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">of Tennessee State </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">became the first African American woman in Olympic history to win a medal. She won a bronze medal </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">for</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;"> the 200-meter dash, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;">the first time </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;">the 200-meter race was included for female competitors</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">.</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; text-align: left;"> </span></span><br />
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</span> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggw4YKre-16j__46s2T4T1MJTZxsE-ZKK2gOOQgI_iExcgmkVwn4K7XBzCTC9ND65KPFzX4Fwup2b5W_mnmk1qyhmQqdnANaUjrDCpvE0e2ko9GNE9K5SJ6v6lbuM6kcYuMgEMCSU9GGg/s1600/Alice+Coachman.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><img alt="Alice Coachman first African American woman Olympic gold medal winner" border="0" height="249" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggw4YKre-16j__46s2T4T1MJTZxsE-ZKK2gOOQgI_iExcgmkVwn4K7XBzCTC9ND65KPFzX4Fwup2b5W_mnmk1qyhmQqdnANaUjrDCpvE0e2ko9GNE9K5SJ6v6lbuM6kcYuMgEMCSU9GGg/s320/Alice+Coachman.jpg" title="Alice Coachman first African American woman Olympic gold medal winner" width="320" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Alice Coachman </b>(1923-2014)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">High </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Jump Gold Medal </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: xx-small;">Winner </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: justify;">1948 Summer Olympics in </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;">London, England</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2013/01/alice-coachman-first-black-female.html" target="_blank">Alice Coachman</a> </b></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Days after Audrey Patterson won bronze</span><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">, Alice Coachman became the only U.S. female athlete of any race to win gold at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;">Coachman's gold medal provided more fuel for the civil rights struggle against Jim Crow in the U.S. and around the world.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Wilma Rudolph, <br />
1960 Olympic Summer Games, Rome</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/11/wilma-rudolph-olympics-gold-medal-star.html" target="_blank">Wilma Rudolph</a></b></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In 1960, Wilma Rudolph of Tennessee State, who had overcome polio, made national headlines in radio, television, the </span><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/08/ethel-waters-jim-crow-television.html" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">black media</a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and mainstream newspapers when she became the first U.S. female to win three gold medals in track and field at the 1960 Rome Olympics, picking up the athlete's civil rights struggle against Jim Cow where Alice Coachmen left off at the 1948 London Olympics.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Florence "Flo Jo" Griffith-Joyner </b>(1959-1998)<br />and <b>President Ronald Reagan</b> (1911-2004)</span></td></tr>
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<b style="font-size: x-large; text-align: start;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2012/11/flojo-fastest-female-in-world.html" target="_blank">Florence “Flo Jo” Joyner</a></span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">National television loved Florence Joyner of California State University, Northridge, as much as any African American actress in the movies in <a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2011/05/rosa-parks-race-relations-in-early.html">young black Hollywood</a>. Joyner’s flashy, stylish speed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea, won her the title of the fastest female in the world and most glamorous woman in track.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Dominique Dawes, first African American gymnast to win Olympic gold medal" border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJc3bZerZnCs7N9LRvRE60cr2scrQZ5szYfc2fQx9g2pL6EBKeJhxrlvJHpzUOzXrpUxGNfzwkdRUs85Ag17eq0oUru5BEmk3CAktqc7C9oGDXXAFFO4aGhb05ET2KgXCNezw-hvUNyk4/s320/Dominique+Dawes.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Dominique Dawes" width="320" /></td></tr>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="text-align: start;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2014/02/first-african-american-gymnast-to-win.html">Dominique Dawes</a></span></b></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, Dominique Dawes became the first African American gymnast to win Olympic gold, and remained the only gymnastics star until the 2012 London Olympics when Gabby Douglas, became the first African American gymnast to win the Olympic Individual All-around gold medal.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 17.3186px; text-align: left;">President </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" style="background: none rgb(249, 249, 249); color: #0b0080; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 17.3186px; text-align: left; text-decoration: none;" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #252525; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 17.3186px; text-align: left;"><br />and 2012 U.S. Olympic gymnastics Fierce Five<br />L-R: Aly Raisman, Gabby Douglas, <br />McKayla Maroney, Kyla Ross, Jordyn Wieber</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Gabrielle Christina Victoria "Gabby" Douglas was in 1995 in Virginia Beach, Virginia, where she began gymnastics at age six. At age eight, Douglas had won the Level-4 all-around gymnastics title at the 2004 Virginia State Championships. At age 14, Douglas moved from Virginia Beach, Virginia to West Des Moines, Iowa, to live with a host family, be home schooled and trained under Liang Chow, the former coach of 2007 World Champion and 2008 Summer Olympics gold medalist, Shawn Johnson.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.188888549804688px;">In the 2012 London Olympic Games, Douglas</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;"> won gold medals in both the </span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">team</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;"> and </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">individual</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;">all-around competitions. Douglas is the </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">first African-American</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;"> and first </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">woman of color</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;"> in Olympic history to become the individual all-around Olympic champion, and the first American gymnast to win gold in both the individual all-around and team competitions at the same Olympics. </span></div>
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<b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"><a href="http://www.tennisexpress.com/BAKER-AND-TAYLOR-Serena-Williams-On-The-Line-13929" target="_blank">Serena Williams</a></b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and Venus Williams won third women's doubles Olympic Tennis gold medal. The doors for the sisters were opened on July 6, 1957, by Althea Gibson, the first African American woman to win the All-England Tennis Championships at Wimbledon. That was three decades before Venus and Serena were born in the 1980s.</span><br />
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<b style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Althea Gibson</b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> began tennis lessons at age 14 and fought her way through a segregated career during the Jim Crow era. When touring, she was denied rooms in hotels, tables in restaurants and comfortable accommodations while traveling in the United States. Her persistence made careers possible for other African American tennis players, including Arthur Ashe and the William sisters.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Gibson defeated fellow American, white tennis player, Darlene Hard, then teamed up with her former opponent to win the women’s doubles title. The following year, Gibson successfully defended her singles title at Wimbledon. Gibson and was named Woman Athlete of the Year in 1957 by the Associated Press, earning the honor again the following year.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The door for Althea Gibson was opened by black female tennis star, Ora Washington, who picked up a <b>tennis racket</b> and won her first American Tennis Association (ATA) singles title in 1929. She won the ATA's national singles title eight times in nine years and held the title until 1937, a record that stood until 1947, when Althea Gibson won 10 straight titles. Washington of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, known as the "Queen of Tennis," also won 12 straight doubles championships.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This has been a review of a few female African American Olympians and their contributions to the Civil Rights Movement and the improvement of U.S. race relations through Olympic victories, social activism and politics. There are many other black females with amazing stories from the history of the Olympic Games and there will be many more to come.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZHcNSs5PkiLnmltwUyQ90HdbTVPZSa79Fg3M8GKT7JcSPzlIKlrBNzNdnJbm0k5rV159ynaQaSXRIPVrILlAZjLq8rmyrZb9_n-ToY8rDrNPQenwvGInVhpJhHJZ7iwpWYI7RgT3MQCTK/s1600/Sunny+Nash+HEADSHOT+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Sunny Nash" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZHcNSs5PkiLnmltwUyQ90HdbTVPZSa79Fg3M8GKT7JcSPzlIKlrBNzNdnJbm0k5rV159ynaQaSXRIPVrILlAZjLq8rmyrZb9_n-ToY8rDrNPQenwvGInVhpJhHJZ7iwpWYI7RgT3MQCTK/s200/Sunny+Nash+HEADSHOT+4.jpg" title="Sunny Nash" width="163" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.571428298950195px; text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/about-sunny-nash.html" target="_blank">Sunny Nash</a></b></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMl8hmGSFpMhWlqmY1FJTc0bh8y-TPhq-Qf_rTRduLvduKmFrRif7HPaKVh0ZX43plmspwFRbgymdObbkREdiQFvQ85ru_yBI5tI-B2hzdtjXri1LG3p6sXVWLkASj2XDS_oyME3oZSjc5/s1600/Bigmama+Cover.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's by Sunny Nash" border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMl8hmGSFpMhWlqmY1FJTc0bh8y-TPhq-Qf_rTRduLvduKmFrRif7HPaKVh0ZX43plmspwFRbgymdObbkREdiQFvQ85ru_yBI5tI-B2hzdtjXri1LG3p6sXVWLkASj2XDS_oyME3oZSjc5/s200/Bigmama+Cover.jpg" title="Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's by Sunny Nash" width="132" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.666666984558105px; text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><i><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">Bigmama Didn't Shop<br />At Woolworth's</a></i></b><br />
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">by Sunny Nash</b><br />
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><br /></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b>Hard Cover</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b>Bigmama Didn't Shop </b></a><br />
<b style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="color: #e47911;" target="_blank">at Woolworth's</a></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Amazon Kindle</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b>Bigmama Didn't Shop </b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b>at Woolworth's</b></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sunny Nash </b></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">is the author of </span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><i>Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's</i></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"> </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">(Texas A&M University Press)</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">, about life in the with her part-Comanche grandmother during the Civil Rights Movement. Nash’s book is recognized by the Association of American University Presses as essential for understanding U.S. race relations; listed in the Bibliographic Guide to Black Studies by the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York; and recommended </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">by the Miami-Dade Public Library System in Florida </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">for Native American collections.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b></b></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Nash is also a producer, photographer, blogger and a leading writer on race relations in America--writes</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"> books, blogs, articles and reviews, and produces media and images on U.S. </span><strong><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-weight: normal;">history and contemporary American topics, ranging from Jim Crow laws to social media networking, using </span></strong><span style="font-family: "arial";">her book, </span></span><b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><i>Bigmama Didn't Shop at Woolworth's</i></span></b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: x-small;">, chosen by the Association of American University Presses for its value to understanding of U.S. race relations, to relate experiences about life with her part-Comanche grandmother.</span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "arial";">Sunny Nash </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family: "arial";">produces blogs, media, books, articles and images on </span><span style="font-family: "arial";">history and contemporary topics, from slavery, the Civil War, Jim Crow and </span><span style="font-family: "arial";">civil rights to post racism, social media, entertainment and technology using her book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Sunny-Nash/e/B001KIYUP2" style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;" target="_blank">Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s</a>, as a basis for commentary and research.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">"My book, 'Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's,' began in the 1990s. I was writing for Hearst and Knight-Ridder newspapers. The stories are about my childhood with my part-Comanche grandmother, Bigmama, my parents, relatives, friends, and others; and my interpretation of the events surrounding the Jim Crow South before and during the Civil Rights Movement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Robin Fruble of Southern California said, "Every white person in America should read this book! Sunny Nash writes the story of her childhood without preaching or ranting but she made me realize for the first time just how much skin color changes how one experiences the world. But if your skin color is brown, it matters a great deal to a great number of people. I needed to learn that. Sunny Nash is a great teacher," Fruble said.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;">© </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt;">2012-2016 Sunny Nash. <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">All Rights Reserved Worldwide.</span></strong><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-40246345592415814712016-08-15T11:23:00.001-07:002016-08-15T11:23:56.780-07:00First African American Gymnast to Win Olympic Medal, Dominique Dawes<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Dominique Dawes and her gymnastics team won </i></span><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">gold in the 1996 </i><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Olympics. </i></h2>
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<b style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;"><span style="text-align: start;">Dominique Dawes</span></b></h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Dominique Dawes, first African American gymnast to win Olympic gold medal" border="0" height="161" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJc3bZerZnCs7N9LRvRE60cr2scrQZ5szYfc2fQx9g2pL6EBKeJhxrlvJHpzUOzXrpUxGNfzwkdRUs85Ag17eq0oUru5BEmk3CAktqc7C9oGDXXAFFO4aGhb05ET2KgXCNezw-hvUNyk4/s320/Dominique+Dawes.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Dominique Dawes" width="320" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b>Dominique Dawes</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b>First African American t</b></span><b style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">o Win Olympic Medals</b><br />
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<span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: start;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>1996 Olympic Games, Atlanta</b></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">With all that gold being earned by African American women at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, we should remember the first African American women to win Olympic medals, lest we forget that Dominique Dawes helped lay the groundwork for </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">black female gymnastics go</span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">ld medalists in </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">the 2016 Summer </span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;">Olympic</span><span style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif;"> in Rio. </span></i></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dominique Dawes won an individual bronze medal, becoming the first African American to win an individual Olympic medal in women's gymnastics in 1996 and won Olympic team gold. Dawes remained the only black American female to win an Olympic medals until the 2012 London Olympics, in which Gabby Douglas, became the first African American gymnast to win the individual all-around Olympic gold medal. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Dominique Dawes</i></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Dominique Dawes sported the nickname, <span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.19999885559082px; text-align: start;">Awesome Dawesome, while she was a 10-year member of the<span style="font-size: xx-small;"> </span></span></i></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.2px;">medal-winning</span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.2px;"> </span></i></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;">U.S. national gymnastics team.</span></i></span></span></h4>
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<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;">Barcelona 1992 (bronze)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;">Atlanta 1996 (gold)</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;">Sydney 2000 (bronze)</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , serif; line-height: 21px;">In 2000 for</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , serif; line-height: 21px;"> the Olympic Games in Sydney</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , serif; line-height: 21px;">, Dawes earned a spot on the U.S. women's gymnastics team a third time. They placed fourth. When a Chinese gymnast was found to be underage, however, China lost their medal. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , serif; line-height: 21px;">Dawes was the first U.S. gymnast in history to be a member of three medal-winning gymnastics team. </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , serif; line-height: 21px;">Dawes retired from gymnastics for good after the 2000 Games. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Dominique Dawes 1996 Olympics Event Finals Floor</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; font-size: x-large;">Dominique Dawes Grows Up!</span></h2>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjWlFfKAZ-618DIgRz-HpXASLZmbuIzz-64U-Bq7ZbqmIbMqV1QRdwiXzJYD6M1E7CDr1tZI64Lq02VB1WxWnwahZ7HB25sQbbyBM64MS27I3pgWVzfamdfvXochoRAty-rZqfCQnZjqA/s1600/Dominique+Dawes+speaker.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Dominique Dawes, Olympic Gold Spokesperson" border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjWlFfKAZ-618DIgRz-HpXASLZmbuIzz-64U-Bq7ZbqmIbMqV1QRdwiXzJYD6M1E7CDr1tZI64Lq02VB1WxWnwahZ7HB25sQbbyBM64MS27I3pgWVzfamdfvXochoRAty-rZqfCQnZjqA/s200/Dominique+Dawes+speaker.jpg" title="Dominique Dawes, Spokesperson" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.666666984558105px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Dominique Dawes, Spokesperson</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Dominique Dawes, born in 1976 in Silver Spring, Maryland, was <span style="background-color: white; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;">the first black </span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.188888549804688px;">person of any nationality or gender to win an Olympic gold medal in gymnastics, winning</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;"> an individual Olympic gold medal in artistic gymnastics. T</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.188888549804688px;">he youngest President in the history of the </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.188888549804688px;">Women's Sports Federation, </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;">Dawes served from 2004–2006. I</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.188888549804688px;">n 2002, s</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;">he was </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;">the first spokeswoman for the </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Girl Scouts of America</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;">'s <i>Uniquely Me</i> self-esteem program, supports </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;">events for autism awareness, such as the 2001 Power of One rally in </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Washington D.C., and serves</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;"> on the Advisory Board of </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sesame Workshop's</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;"> </span><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">Healthy Habits for Life</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;"> program.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><i>Bigmama Didn't Shop <br />At Woolworth's</i></b><br />Sunny Nash</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.666666984558105px; text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><i><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/bigmama-didnt-shop-at-woolworths.html">Bigmama Didn't Shop<br />At Woolworth's</a></i></b><br />
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">by Sunny Nash</b><br />
<b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><br /></b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; text-align: justify;"><b>Hard Cover</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b>Bigmama Didn't Shop </b></a><br />
<b style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0890967164/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0890967164&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="color: #e47911;" target="_blank">at Woolworth's</a></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Amazon Kindle</b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" id="static_txt_preview" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b>Bigmama Didn't Shop </b></a><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B008X4AO74/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B008X4AO74&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20" style="background-color: white; color: #e47911; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank"><b>at Woolworth's</b></a></td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;">Many little girls dream of being star gymnasts. I did when I was growing up. However, there were no gymnastics teams or equipment or uniforms or competition back in the 1950s. But we did have Mr. Pruitt, who sent away to Europe for a little book of stick figures doing impossible moves. He gathered about ten girls he thought he might be able to train. We stared at the position of the sticks in his book and cringed. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;">Then, we tried and were surprised at what we could do with his coaching. You can read about my adventures with gymnastics in my book. Although, my experiences did not lead me to the levels of Dominique Dawes, Mr. Pruitt did teach me discipline, confidence and how to walk like a lady. Imagine ten little girls prancing around the school yard behind this six-foot-something all-man former track star--quite a sight. His wife, also a teacher, who came from her school to pick him up some afternoons got quite a kick out of seeing us follow her husband around the school yard like </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 9.21142864227295px; text-align: left;">Russian physiologist</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; line-height: 9.21142864227295px; text-align: left;">Ivan </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;">Pavlov's </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small; line-height: 19.19999885559082px;">puppies. </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.571428298950195px; text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: Arial; font-size: small; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/about-sunny-nash.html" target="_blank">Sunny Nash</a></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Sunny Nash is the author of Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's (Texas A&M University Press), about life in the with her part-Comanche grandmother during the Civil Rights Movement. Nash’s book is recognized by the Association of American University Presses as essential for understanding U.S. race relations; listed in the Bibliographic Guide to Black Studies by the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York; and recommended by the Miami-Dade Public Library System in Florida for Native American collections.<br /><br />Nash is also a producer, photographer, blogger and a leading writer on race relations in America--writes books, blogs, articles and reviews, and produces media and images on U.S. history and contemporary American topics, ranging from Jim Crow laws to social media networking, using her book, Bigmama Didn't Shop at Woolworth's, chosen by the Association of American University Presses for its value to understanding of U.S. race relations, to relate experiences about life with her part-Comanche grandmother.<br /><br />Sunny Nash produces blogs, media, books, articles and images on history and contemporary topics, from slavery, the Civil War, Jim Crow and civil rights to post racism, social media, entertainment and technology using her book, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/Sunny-Nash/e/B001KIYUP2">Bigmama Didn’t Shop At Woolworth’s</a>, as a basis for commentary and research.<br /><br />"My book, 'Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's,' began in the 1990s. I was writing for Hearst and Knight-Ridder newspapers. The stories are about my childhood with my part-Comanche grandmother, Bigmama, my parents, relatives, friends, and others; and my interpretation of the events surrounding the Jim Crow South before and during the Civil Rights Movement.<br /><br />Robin Fruble of Southern California said, "Every white person in America should read this book! Sunny Nash writes the story of her childhood without preaching or ranting but she made me realize for the first time just how much skin color changes how one experiences the world. But if your skin color is brown, it matters a great deal to a great number of people. I needed to learn that. Sunny Nash is a great teacher," Fruble said.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 8pt;">© </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 8pt;">2014 Sunny Nash. <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">All Rights Reserved Worldwide.</span></strong><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="blogger-post-footer">Sunny Nash - Race Relations in America</div>Sunny Nashhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14560538547722569005noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9072705084821336229.post-40553722892369602402016-08-13T12:34:00.001-07:002016-08-13T12:42:06.871-07:00What Is Race? Part One: Conversations With My Mother<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Is it ethnicity? </span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Is it skin color?</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Is it bloodline? </span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Is it national origin</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">? </span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Is it family heritage? </span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Is it a choice?</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Race and racial classification became so blatant in the United States during the early 20th Century that dark-skinned Italians were classified as a different race from light-skinned Italians. </i></span></h4>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-weight: normal;">Italian immigrants with light skin were generally from northern Italy and were thought by American society to be and also thought themselves to be more closely associated racially to the French and Germans than to their dark-skinned southern Italian brethren. And there was a class difference between southern and northern Italians. </span></h4>
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<i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;"><i>"Are they white?" I asked my mother about the people who operated the corner store a little ways from where we lived when I was a little girl.</i></i></div>
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<i style="font-family: times, "times new roman", serif; text-align: justify;">"They think they are," she said. "And they are trying to convince the rest of us that they are so the real white people won't treat them so bad."</i></div>
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<i style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The real white people? Who are they?"</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"The ones who have been here long enough to convince everybody that they are white."</span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>"What? That's not true! My friends aren't trying to convince me they're white! They're my friends!</i><i>"</i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Do they go to school with you?"</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"No."</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Have you every been inside their house, other than to use the telephone?"</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i></i><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i></i></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"No."</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"Well, then," she said. "They are not your friends! And they do not treat you like a friend! They treat you the same way rich people where they come from treated them before they left that place!"</span></i></div>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
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The difference in the way people were treated back then and still today was based not only on the to tone of their complexion, but on economic class and high rates of poverty among some Southern Italians, hence, their reason for wholesale immigration to America in the first place.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>"Once those people are here, they clamber for their children to reach the upper class," she said. </i></span><i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">"And they are not going to let your little black tail get in their way!"</span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">The southerners came to American as a poor class looking for opportunity. Northern Italians were generally coming with money. So, the </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">class</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;"> </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">difference that began with color was punctuated with a dollar bill. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In order to earn passage to America, m</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">any Southern Italians who came</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> with few financial resources </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">were forced to indenture themselves and their families directly from Italy to work on plantations, landing them in the Mississippi Delta and other parts of the Deep South, arriving </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">in the after slaves had been emancipated. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">This was a time when farm laborers were scarce with African Americans abandoning plantations for freedom in the cities. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Many people have no knowledge of the history of </span><a href="http://mshistorynow.mdah.state.ms.us/articles/88/italians-in-mississippi" style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;" target="_blank">Italians in Mississippi</a><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Although many Italian immigrants came through New York's Ellis Island, many were indentured from that location into the American Deep South where farm workers were needed or they were recruited into slave-like conditions on large farms with overseers in the nearby Garden State of New Jersey or the large berry farms of Delaware and Massachusetts, many farms running very similarly as the southern plantation had before emancipation. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; text-align: left;">Unlike white-skin northern Italian immigrants, allowed opportunities to create wealth once they arrived in America, dark-skinned southern Italians were treated as second-class alongside the Negro, the Mexican, the Indian and any other dark-skinned person and forced </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">to work at hard physical labor until they could moved out of farm work.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In some cases dark-skinned people were legally classified as "colored" to make it more difficult for them to assimilate into mainstream communities. Therefore, for several generations, they remained in separate communities, churches, schools and families. This was particularly true in the Jim Crow south where the white ruling class used dark skin as a mark of inferiority and a convenient excuse to perpetuate discrimination and segregation onto another group.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />
<i>"How do you know all this stuff?" I asked my mother. "Are you making it up?"</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><br /></i>
<i>"I don't have to make up the truth," she said. "These are well-known facts."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">She was right, of course. And when I grew up and understood the world better, I learned the truth for myself. People are not always the way they seem and it is not their fault sometimes. We are a product of our environment and our history. It takes great effort, investigation, study and experience to get past that.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>"You watch what happens when you get about 12 years old," she said. </i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>"What will happen?"</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>"I don't want you mixing with them any more than their folks want them mixing with you."</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>"How do you know they want to mix with me?"</i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><br /></i></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>"Believe me, they're having the same conversations as ours," she said. "A</i></span><i style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;">lthough there's been a lot of mixing going on for a very long time now."</i></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; color: #996633; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0761927646/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0761927646&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20&linkId=M3IXFMLM3VUANWDD" id="static_txt_preview" style="background-color: white; color: #996633; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;" target="_blank">Encyclopedia of African American Society</a></b><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: small; text-align: justify;">Gerald D. Jaynes</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In the <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0761927646/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=0761927646&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20&linkId=M3IXFMLM3VUANWDD" id="static_txt_preview" style="background-color: white; color: #996633; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small; text-align: center;" target="_blank"><b>Encyclopedia of African American Society</b></a>, Gerald D. Jaynes, editor of the two-volume reference and </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">professor economics and African American Studies at Yale University, w</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">rote on page 455, "In the rural South dark-skinned immigrants from Sicily often worked as sharecroppers or laborers on plantations alongside African Americans and they were treated similarly by employers." </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In <b><i>Colored White: Transcending the Racial Past</i></b> by David R. Roediger, one Italian immigrant interviewed by a Louisiana scholar remembered the early twentieth century as a time when "he and his family had been badly mistreated by a French plantation owner near New Roads, Louisiana, where he and his family were made to live among the Negroes and were treated in the same manner."</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.sc.edu/portal2/newsphotos/m_1328112028.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Colored White: Transcending the Racial Past by David R. Roediger" border="0" height="173" src="https://www.sc.edu/portal2/newsphotos/m_1328112028.jpg" title="Colored White: Transcending the Racial Past by David R. Roediger" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.sc.edu/news/newsarticle.php?nid=2806#.VCRm32ddUp0"><b>David R. </b></a></span><b><a href="http://www.sc.edu/news/newsarticle.php?nid=2806#.VCRm32ddUp0">Roediger</a> </b></span><br />
<a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B004L62GOM/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=B004L62GOM&linkCode=as2&tag=sunnas-20&linkId=QFNBLYKCQG2KUKYA" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #e69138; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;"><b>Colored White: <br />Transcending the Racial Past</b></span></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">In fact, when I was growing in Texas in the 1950s and 1960s, there were many second and third generation Italians whose families had managed to escape the farms, save money and open stores in black neighborhoods. By this time, although many of the parents had darker complexions than mine, they had begun the process of gene bleaching their offspring.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">By pairing with fair-skinned Italians, and marrying into white families, their children were lighter-skinned than them, a practice long practiced in some African American and other ethnic groups with dark skin going all the way back to the plantation and early America. Because lighter skin had a better chance for better treatment and success in the United States, it was a common practice. Everybody knew that! </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone,_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="262" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone,_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unemployed_men_queued_outside_a_depression_soup_kitchen_opened_in_Chicago_by_Al_Capone,_02-1931_-_NARA_-_541927.jpg" target="_blank">Chicago Soup Kitchen</a> Opened by Al Capone 1931<br />Wikipedia, Creative Commons License</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">During the Great Depression, Native-born, former slave and immigrant families who were already entangled in tenant farm agreements were further victimized by the crashed economy and unable to pay their farm debts so they could leave the sharecropping system. Many ran away, leaving in the dead of night with their few belongings. Finding work in other locations, however, was impossible at that time with hungry people filing into cities looking for free food, public relief and charity handouts. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Jobs had become scarce for all workers and especially for Italians and other recent immigrants, who were customarily subjected to increased discrimination and bigotry in times of economic distress. So, like former slaves, some unfortunate farm workers, including </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Italian</span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">white sharecroppers, stayed on plantations where they could get a meal, even though, the meal cost them their freedom and held them in virtual slavery by the dishonest bookkeeping of farm owners who operated in the same fashion as before the Civil War. The difference was the workers were not exactly slaves; they were in debt to the farm store, a predicament also shared by a large number of poor white families who owned no land. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Immigrants, who earned their way off of plantations, got jobs or opened businesses in Vicksburg, and sent their children to Catholic school where they could learn English and get an education. Most of these immigrants, unwelcome to reside in white neighborhoods and send their children to white public schools, lived among middle-class African Americans and sent their children to Catholic schools that also enrolled black students. </span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Delta's dominant class considered immigrants undesirable for assimilation because of immigrants' dark complexion, foreignness of their customs and former cotton-picker status, regardless of the white racial classification these immigrants may have claimed. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">My Italian friends and I, and they were and still are my dear friends, took a respite from each other around the time of puberty, encouraged by parents on both sides. We did not resume our friendship until we were all adults with spouses and children when the danger of mixing had passed. My mother was right, after all.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><u>Be sure to read other conversations with my mother:</u></span><br />
<ul>
<li><b style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2015/04/what-is-race-part-two-my-mother-race.html" style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt;" target="_blank">What is Race? Part Two</a></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2015/05/what-is-race-part-three-my-mother-jim.html" target="_blank">What is Race? Part Three</a></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2015/06/what-is-race-part-four-who-is-jim-crow.html" target="_blank">What is Race? Part Four</a></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/2015/08/what-is-race-part-five-how-to-conquer.html" target="_blank">What is Race? Part Five</a></b></span></li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Sunny Nash author of bigmama didn't shop at woolworth's" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZHcNSs5PkiLnmltwUyQ90HdbTVPZSa79Fg3M8GKT7JcSPzlIKlrBNzNdnJbm0k5rV159ynaQaSXRIPVrILlAZjLq8rmyrZb9_n-ToY8rDrNPQenwvGInVhpJhHJZ7iwpWYI7RgT3MQCTK/s1600/Sunny+Nash+HEADSHOT+4.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Sunny Nash" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.571428298950195px; text-align: center;"><b style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://sunnynash.blogspot.com/p/about-sunny-nash.html">Sunny Nash</a></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sunny Nash is an author, producer, photographer and leading writer on U.S. race relations. She writes books, blogs, articles and reviews, and produces media and images on U.S. history and contemporary American topics, ranging from Jim Crow laws to social media networking. Sunny Nash is the author of Bigmama Didn't Shop At Woolworth's (Texas A&M University Press), about life with her part-Comanche grandmother during the Civil Rights Movement.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Sunny Nash’s book is recognized by the Association of American University Presses as essential for understanding U.S. race relations. </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: x-small;">Nash's book is also listed in the Bibliographic Guide for black studies at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in New York; and recommended for Native American collections by the Miami-Dade Public Library System in Florida. Nash uses her book to write articles and blogs on race relations in America through topics relating to her life--from music, film, early radio and television, entertainment, social media, Internet technology, publishing, journalism, sports, education, employment, the military, fashion, performing arts, literature, women's issues, adolescence and childhood, equal rights, social and political movements--past and present—to today's post-racism.</span></div>
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<title> Sunny Nash – Race Relations in America </title>
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